CIHM 

ICMH 

Microfiche 

Collection  de 

Series 

micofiches 

(Monographs) 

(monographies) 

Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductlons  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


I 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below 


E] 

n 
a 


D 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged  / 
Couvertu''e  endommagee 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restauree  et/ou  pelliculee 

Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  m.anque 

Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  geographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material  / 
Relie  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion  along 
interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de 
I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge 
interieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages 
blanches  ajoutees  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  etait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  ete  filmees. 

Additional  comments  / 
Commentaires  supplementaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilme  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
ete  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sent  peut-etre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  metho- 
de  normale  de  filmage  sont  indiques  ci-dessous. 

Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommagees 


D 


□ 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pagej  restaurees  et/ou  pelliculees 


□    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  decolorees,  tachetees  ou  piquees 

/I    Pages  detached  /  Pages  detachees 

y      Showthrough  /  Transparence 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Qualite  inegale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata  slips, 
tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  totalement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  ete  filmees  a  nouveau  de  fa(;on  a 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayart  de.s 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
filmees  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below  / 

Ce  document  est  fllme  au  taux  de  reduction  indique  ci-dessous. 


10x 

14x 

1Px 

22x 

26x 

30x 

./ 

12x 


16x 


20x 


24x 


28x 


32x 


The  copy  filmer"  hero  has  been  loproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 


Lexemplaire  fllm6  fut  reproduit  grace  A  la 
g6n*rosiT6  de 


National    Library  of   Canada 


Bibliotheque   nationalc   du   Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  cundition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  v         the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  pago  *    :;<  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  ba^     -over  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED'), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END'), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  dt6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nertot*  de  I'exemplaire  film6.  et  en 
conformit*  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couve  ture  en 
papier  est  imprimAo  sont  film-^s  en  commencant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  on  terminant  joit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporto  tne  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmis  en  commonpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  ompreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  una  teile 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derni^re  image  de  cheque  rnicrofiche.  selon  ie 
cas:  le  symbole  — ♦■  signifie    "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  mny  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  follcwing  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  plancho?,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  etre 
fiimAs  d  des  taux  da  r^duc'ion  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  a  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  ^  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
dimages  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

MICROCOPY    RESOIUTION    lESI    (.HARI 

ANSI  and  ISO  TESr  CHART  No    . 


1.0 


I.I 


■  28 


2.5 

J2.2 
2.0 

1.8 


1.25 


1.4 


1.6 


^     /APPLIED  IIVt^lGE     Inc 


'-r.    New    YcW  1"t6i" 

-i2  -  0300  -  Phone 


AMECHANISTI(;V1EW 
OF  WAR  AND  PEACE 


GEORGE  W.  CRILE 


A    MECHANISTIC    VIEW    OF    WAR 
AND    PEACE 


THK   MAiMILLAN   CUMI'ANY 

NEW  YORK    •    BOSTON   •    CHICAGO  •    DALLAS 
ATLANTA   •    SAN    FRANCISCO 

MACMII.l-AN    &    CO,  Limited 

LONDON    •    HOMBAV    ■    CALCLTn'A 
MKLbOt'RNB 

THE  MA(  MlLl.AN  CO    OF  CANADA,   Ltd. 

TORONTO 


'ft 

e 


C     3 

c  - 


n 


r,  Si. 


si 

_■  3 


•ttt: 


A    MKCHANIS'llC    \  IKW 
OF  WAR  AND  PltACE 


BY 


GKOKCil-:    \V.    CRII.I' 


EDITED    nv 

AMY    F.    ROWLAND 


ILLVSTR/ITED 


THE    MACNilLLAN    COMPANY 

1916 

yf//  ngkti   rcitrvtd 


50063 


CorvRiGHT,  iqij, 
Fv   THF.   MACMILLAN  COMPANY. 

Set  up  and  electrotyptd.     Published  ( klober,  iqij. 
Reprinted  December,  191  s;   February,  iji6. 


J.  S.  Cushine  (  o.  —  lierwick  A  Smith  Co. 
Norwood,  M»ss.,  C.S.A. 


i 


TO 
MARGARET 


PREFACE 


The  clinical  observation  of  the  behavior  of  man  in 
injury  and  disease,  under  anesthesia  and  the  influence 
of  drugs,  together  with  experimental  studies  of  certain 
problems  bearing  upon  human  relations,  have  led  me 
unconsciously  to  reach  the  conclusion  of  many  scien- 
tists that  nun  and  other  animals  are  physico-chemical 
mechanisms. 

The  data  accumulated  during  many  years  of  study 
and  experimental  research  have  become  so  numerous 
and  are  so  well  explained  on  a  mechanistic  basis  that 
a  monograph  bearing  upon  this  subject  is  now  in  pro- 
cess of  publication. 

When,  therefore,  through  the  generosity  of  Samuel 
Mather,  Esq.,  the  opportunity  to  take  charge  of  a  hos- 
pital unit  of  the  American  Ambulance  in  France  was 
offered,  it  was  embraced  all  the  more  eagerly  since  thus 
it  became  possible  to  study  the  behavior  of  man  when 
under  the  influence  of  the  strongest  emotional  and 
physical  stress  —  man  at  war. 


VllI 


PREFACE 


The  substance  of  the  following  pages  was  written  in 
the  war  zone,  and,  at  the  invitation  of  President  Thwing, 
was  given  in  a  lecture  at  the  Western  Reserve  University. 

1  lay  no  claim  to  any  special  knovvlcilge  of  govern- 
ment, of  philosophy,  of  psychology,  of  religion,  or  of 
the  science  of  war — nor  am  I  artuated  by  either  etnical 
or  political  motives.  I  offer  only  an  interpretation  of 
the  phenomena  presented  by  man  at  war,  from  the 
viewpoint  presented  in  the  forthcoming  volume, — 
"Man  —  An  Adaptive  Mechanism." 

I  wish  to  express  my  indebtedness  to  H.  M.  Hanna, 
Esq.,  for  his  generous  contribution  for  laboratory  re- 
search, and  to  Professor  Tuffier,  Dr.  Alexis  Carrel,  Dr. 
Du  Bouchet,  and  Dr.  Gros,  who  gave  me  much  valuable 
information  and  the  opportunity  of  making  closer  obsei- 
vations  of  the  behavior  of  man  at  war  than  would  other- 
wise have  been  possible. 


GEORGE    W.    CRILE. 


Cleveland,  Ohio, 
August  13,  1915. 


i 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTER 

I.      Introduction    . 

•  •  •  • 

II.      The    Phknomena  of  War 

*  •  •  • 

III.  A   Biologic   Interfretatio.n  of   Wah 

IV.  A   Mechanistic   View  of  German   Kl-ltur 

V.      A   Mechanistic   \'iew   of  the   \'ivisection  of   Belcium 
VI.      Evolution  toward   Peace  . 


I 

7 
45 
67 

n 

9« 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 


The  Establishment  of  Action  Patterns  of  War 


.    Frontispiece 


"  I  he  burvmg  .quad  ha.  marked  wuh  a  rude  cross  the  resting 
place  of  the  masters  in  Science,  Art.  and  Industry,  and  the 
daughters  of  the  land  have  the  scant  comfort  of  the  memory 
of  a  soldier's  death  "  ,.       ' 

Wounded  Soldier,  from  the  Trenches  in  Admitting  Room  of  the 
American  Ambulance 

Photomicrographs  shoving  Effect  of  Prolonged  Insomnia  on  Cere- 
bellum 

Photomicrographs  showing  Effect  of  Prolonged  Insomnia  on  Ad- 
renals 

Photomicrographs  showing  Effect  of  Prolonged  Insomnia  on 
Liver  .  _ 

Wounded  Soldier  from  the  Trenches  showing  Vacies"  of  ExhlZ 
tion    .  .  _ 

hxhausted  Soldier  from  the  Trenches  .  .  '   ., 

Shrapnel  Wound  of  (aw 

Photomicrograph,  showing  Effect  of  Extreme  Phvsical  Exertion' on 
Cerebellum 

Photomicrographs  showing  Effect  of  Extreme  Physical  ExertioTon 
Adrenals 

\  hotomicrographs  showing  Effect  of  Extreme  Physical  Exertion  on 
Liver  .  , 

Compound  Practure  of  the  Arm  with  Seriou.  Infection 
Multiple  Wound,  caused  by  Hand  Grenade 
Frozen  Feet 

Sergeant ,  uf  the  '•  Restless  Fourth  "' 

xi 


lo 
'4 

20 
22 

26 

28 
28 

30 
32 

34 
36 

36 

36 

38 


xu 


LIST  OF   iLLlSTRATIONS 


The  Non-combatant — Mother  of  h  Wounded  Soldier  f'i(i"R 

Photomicrographs  showing  KfFect  of  Extreme  Exhaustion  on   Ccre- 

hellum  of  Soldier to  follow 

Pho'.omicrographs  showing   Effect  of  Extreme   Exhaustion  on   Ad- 
renals of  Soldier    to  fulLw 

Photomicrographs  showing  Effect  of  Extreme  Exhaustion  on  Liver 

of  Soldier to  follow 

The  Phylogenetic  Origin  of  War     ....  facing 

Giant  Gorilla  and  Soldier  in  Activity  illustrating  "  A  Fling  Back  in 

Phylogeny" f^^'H 

Photomicrographs   showing    Effect   of  Extreme   Emotion   on   Cere- 
bellum   /"'■'''.? 

Photomicrographs    showing    Effect    of    Extreme    Emotion    on    Ad- 
renals   f''^"& 

Photomicrographs  showing  Effect  of  Extreme  Emotion  on  Liver  " 
A  Belgian  Refugee    -  Ten-vear-old  Boy    ...  " 

A  Belgian  Refugee         ...... 

Familv  of  Refugees  at  San  Sulpicc,  Paris    .  .  .  " 

The  Charge         ....••• 

The  Call  to  Arms  and  the  i..nd  Result      ...  " 

The  Glory  n.  the  Reality  of  War  ....  " 

The  Soldiers'  Burial      ....•• 


rAGK 

38 

44 

44 

44 
52 

64 

80 

82 

84 

86 

86 

88 

98 

100 

102 

104 


CHAPTKR    I 


INTRODUCTION 


A    MKCHANISTIC    VIKW    OF 
WAR    AND    PKACL: 


CHAITF.R    I 

Introduction 

As  surgeon  in  charge  of  the  Lakeside  Unit  of 
Western  Reserve  University  in  the  service  of  the 
American  Ambulance  at  Neuilly-sur-Seine  I  had 
the  opportunity  of  obtaining  the  viewpoints  of  men 
uho  had  participated  in  the  present  combat. 

Visiting  the  from,  1  observed  the  behavior  of  men 
in  the  act  of  making  war.  I  studied  non-combat- 
ants at  home,  refugees,  and  prisoners  of  war,  and 
sought  similar  information  from  reliable  sources  as 
to  other  nations  at  war. 

As  I   reriected   upon   the  intensive  application  of 
man  to  war  in  cold,  rain,  and  mud  :   in  rivers,  canals, 
and  lakes  ;     underground,  in  the  air,  and  under  the 
sea:     infected    uith    vermin,    covered    with    scabs, 
adding  the   stench  of  his  own  filthy  body  to  that 


4         A    MI  (  IIAMSIIC  VIFW  ()!•    WAR    AM)    I'KACE 

<)l  Ins  (K'i()ni[)()sin^  (oriiradcs;  hairy,  hc^'rimcd. 
l)c-(lraf,'^lc(l.  yet  uilli  uiilla^^^in^'  /tal  striving  eagerly 
to  kill  his  fellows;  and  as  I  Jdr  within  myself  the 
mystual  urge  of  the  sound  of  great  cannon  I  realized 
that  war  is  a  normal  state  of  man. 

In  taking  into  account  the  training  and  the  edu- 
cation of  the  men  now  at  war  it  is  ohvious  that 
although  this  war  was  precipitated  by  certain  na- 
tions, its  fundamental  cause  is  to  be  found  in  no 
one  nation  alone  ;  for  every  nation,  race,  or  tribe 
has  waged  war.  The  impulse  to  v\.ir  is  stronger 
than  the  desire  to  live  ;  it  is  stronger  than  the  fear 
of  death.  Those  who  believe  that  man  is  a  mechan- 
ism evolved  through  an  endless  struggle  for  exist- 
ence, and  that  the  struggle  among  men  differs  only 
m  kind  and  not  in  principle  from  the  struggle  among 
other  animals  or  from  the  equally  fierce  struggle 
among  plants,  will  turn  for  the  explanation  of  war 
among  men  to  the  principles  of  evolution.  In  this 
volume  an  attempt  is  made  to  see  to  what  extent 
the  cause  and  the  phenomena  of  war  may  be  ex- 
plained on  this  conception.  The  inner  processes 
accompanying  the  gross  behavior  of  man  at  war  I 
have  interpreted  in  the  light  of  researches  long 
prosecuted  in  my  laboratory,  and  I  have  attempted 


IM  KODLCnoN  5 

tf)    con  elate     tlu-'M-    apparent'y     widely     separated 
protoiols   iiit(»  a  working'  liypi. thesis. 

I  do  not  hrlic'vc  that  war  can  be  eliminated  from 
the  weh  of  lite.  It  is  not  eeitain  that  its  eom[)lete 
elimination  would  be  an  ultimate  advanta^a-  to  man. 
My  aim  is  to  make  an  analysis  of  war ,  to  point  out 
the  probability  that  these  phenomena  are  explain- 
ible  on  a  mechanistic  basis;  to  seek  its  origin  and 
inherent  force  in  man  ;  and  to  suggest  ineans  by 
which  the  very  forces  which  have  made  cycles  of 
war  inevitable  may  be  utilised  for  the  evolution  of 
longer    ind  more   secure  cycles  of  peace. 


CHAPTER    II 


THE   PHENOMENA  OF   WAR 


CHAPTER   II 
Ihf:  Phenomena  of  War 

Integration  of  the  Community  and  the  hidividual 

for  J  Far 

The  inhabitants  of  the  warring  countries   are  di- 
vided   into    three    classes  -  those    who    are    kilHng 
man;    those  who  are  saving  man;    and   those  who, 
inactive,    wait    at    home    for   the    return    from    the 
front.     Railways    are    hauling    food,     ammunition, 
and  men  to  the  battle  line,  and   hauling  back  the 
wounded.     Factories  are  turning  out  uniforms   and 
guns,  powder  and  shot.     Telegraphs  and  telephones 
speak  only  of  war.     The   printing   press   describes 
battles,  and  records  the  names  of  the  dead.     Hotels 
and   schools   are   hospitals,    and    [)arks    are   drilling 
grounds.     Iron    and    steel,    coi)j)er    and    lead,    are 
nnplements   of  injury    and   death  ;    while   the   uni- 
versities   and    scientific    laboratories    are    deserted 
sanctuaries.     Wealth  and  station,  titles  and  honors, 
are  lost.     Man,   stripped  of  his   trappings  of  civi- 
lization,   has    reverted    to    a    common    brute    level. 

y 


lO      A   MECHANISTIC   \  IKW  OF   WAR    AND   I'KACK 

At  the  different  military  hospitals,  bankers,  busi- 
ness men,  artists,  and  noblemen  are  orderlies;  col- 
lege men,  great  hunters,  and  soldiers  of  fortune 
drive  ambulances ;  artists,  authors,  actresses,  and 
social  leaders  are  auxiliary  nurses.  A  luxury-loving, 
self-indulgent  class  have  been  born  again.  They 
have  found  the  pleasure  of  making  a  bed,  giving 
an  alcohol  bath,  and  repairing  an  automobile  ;  ot 
submitting  to  disc  '  e  and  of  conquering  a  daily 
task;  they  have  .eit  ihe  deep  though  unexpected 
satisfaction  of  sacrifice  and  service ;  they  have 
met  and  merited  the  grateful  eye  and  have  heard 
the  appreciative  word  earned  by  their  useful  work. 
These  are  among  the  good  by-products  of  war. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  slip{)ered  grandfather 
has  been  drawn  from  the  fireside  to  the  plow ;  the 
younger  son  and  daughter  from  the  school  to  the 
factory.  Old  age  has  been  robbed  of  its  serenity, 
youth  of  its  opportunity,  while  the  burying  squad 
has  marked  with  a  rude  cro■^s  the  resting  place  of 
the  masters  in  science,  art,  and  industry,  and  the 
daughters  of  the  land  have  the  scant  comfort  of 
the  memory  of  a  soldier's  death. 

The  first  etfect  of  the  declaration  of  war  was 
the  mobilization  of  the  forces  within  the   body  ol 


'^ 


THE   PHENOMENA  OF  WAR 


1 1 


I 


each  individual  in  the  warring  countries.  Tn  other 
words,  the  kitirfir  sysfrm  '  of  each  individual  was 
activated.  There  was  an  increased  output  ot"  ad- 
rcn:-lin,  ot  thyreoiodin,  ot  glycogen ;  and  an  in- 
creased rnohilization  of  the  Nissl  suhstance  in  the 
brain-cells,  from  all  of  which  there  resulted  an  in- 
creased transformation  of  energy  in  the  torm  ot 
heat,  motion,  or  chemical  action.  The  individual 
moved  quickly;  he  sang  or  prayed;  his  tace  was 
Hushed  ;  his  heart  beat  faster  ;  his  respiration  was 
(juickened  and  there  was  usually  an  increase  in  his 
body  temperature.  Fight  gained  possession  of  the 
final  common  path ;  it  dispossessed  the  routine 
activations  of  peaceful  occupation  and  human  rela- 
tions. In  each  individuid  the  organs  and  tissues  of 
his  body  mobilized  their  stores  of  energy  just  as  each 
government  mobilized  its  resources  of  men  and 
material.  The  people  of  every  nation  petitioned 
God  to  help  them  kill  their  neighbors.  Millions  of 
wives  and  mothers  prayed  to  (iod  to  help  no  one, 
hut  to  restrain  all  from  killing.  But  God  remained 
neutral.       Prayers    availed     nothing.      The    action 

'  The  kinetic  system  is  the  group  of  organs  in  the  body  by  means  of  which 
man  and  animals  transform  the  potential  energy  contained  in  food  into  mus- 
cular action,  emotion,  body  heat;  in  short,  it  is  the  system  by  whose  activity 
life  is  expressed.     It  may  be  compared  to  the  motor  (pf  an  automobile. 


i 


12       A   MECHANISTIC  VIEW  OF  WAR   AND   PFACF. 

patterns    of   war    had    become    established    in    the 
brains  of  the  men  of  the  nations. 

During  the  period  of  peace  each  country  had  accu- 
mukited  much  surplus  wealth,  surplus  men,  surplus 
confidence.     Conscious  of  its  existin'^  strength  each 
was   confident    of   victory.      In    this    conhdence   the 
supreme    stimulation    to    tight    against    his    distant 
enemy  so  mobilized  the  energy  of  the  soldier  that 
in  the  absence  of  the  object  of  his  attack  he  used 
this  mobilized   energy  in  song.     Two  general  types 
of   motor   acts    are    producea    by    the    mobilization 
of  energy   tor    lighting   a   distant    enemy  ;    namely, 
marching  and  singing.     Why  not  laughter  or  weep- 
ing .'  '     Weeping   means  defeat,   and  the   realization 
of  defeat  comes  only  after  the  battle.     Laughter  is 
the  result  of  a  sudden  release  of  energy,  mobilized 
to   accomplish    some    definite    mu   -ular    action.     If 
the  enemy  should  surrender  unexpectedly  betore  he 
was  attacked,  then  there  would  be  laughter  on  the 
part    of    his     conquerors.     Marching     toward     the 
enemy  and  singing  are  the  two  types  of  muscular 
action  fabricated  by  the   kinetic  system  when  the 
activation  for  tight  is  dominant.     But  the  mother 
or  the  wife,  in  whom  the  dominant  stimulus  is  the 

'  The  Origin  and  Nature  of  the  Emotions. 


1 

rUF.    I'HKNOMI.NA  OV   WAR                         13 

he 

desire  to  retain   the  son  or  the  husband  at  home. 

^ 

weeps   because    the    parting    tor    her    means   defeat. 

u- 

During  the  season  of  mohih/ation.  then,  the  kinetic 

us 

activation   of  the   people   is  expressed   by   marching 

ih 

and  singing  on  the  part  of  those  going  to  battle,  and 

he 

by  silence  or  weeping  by  those  left  at  home.     'I  he 

kinetic  systems  of  those  who  fight  and  of  those  who 
remain  at  home  are  abnormally  active  ;  but,  in  the 
first  stage  at  least,  the  activating  substances  thrown 
into  the  blood  are  more  completely  utilized  by  the 
muscular  activity  of  the  marching  and  singing 
husband  than  by  the  still  and  sobbing  wife.  The 
kinetic  systems  of  the  soldiers  during  mobilization 
are  les-  strained  than  are  the  kinetic  systems  of 
those  he  left  behind. 

The  activation  of  the  soldier  in  the  presence  of 
actual  danger  as  facing  an  evenly  matched  enemy 
is  precisely  the  same  as  is  experienced  by  men  in 
many  otner  situations  in  life,  —  in  the  first  encounter 
with  !)ig  game  ;  in  being  held  up  by  a  burglar  :  in  a 
railway  accident  ;  or  in  facing  a  serious  surgical  oper- 
ation :  although  most  of  all  the  activation  of  battle 
resembles  the  hunting  of  formidable  wild  beasts. 

Man  in  war,  as  a  hunting  animal,  is  elusiv^e, 
resourceful,  adaptive,  brave,  and  persistent.     When 


14      A    MECHANISTIC   \  H.W   Ol     WAR   AND   I'K  vCF. 

hunted,  man  turns  hunter  himseU',  and  hke  wolves 
men  hunt  in  packs.  Therefore  when  men  are 
mutually  hunting  each  other  their  lirains  are  in- 
tensely activated  to  this  end,  and  all  other  relations 
of  life  are  dispossessed. 

Trench  Fighting 

The  nearer  the  trenches,  the  more  desperate  and 
intense  is  the  h^htiii^.  In  trench  lighting  both  sides 
have  adopted  every  variety  of  Hame,  ai  id,  and  ex- 
plosive that  ingenuity  can  devise.  l\very  ruse, 
every  stratagem,  is  employed  in  the  close  personal 
contact.  It  is  as  if  one  were  contending  all  day  and 
all  night  with  a  murderer  in  one's  own  house. 

Under  these  conditions  the  personalities  of  the 
men  become  altered ;  they  become  fatalists  and 
think  no  longer  of  their  personal  affairs,  their 
friends,  or  their  homes.  Their  intensified  attention 
is  directed  solely  r  their  hostile  vis-a-vis.  They 
look  neither  to  the  right,  to  the  left,  nor  behind. 
The  gaze  of  each  is  fixed  upon  the  end  of  the  hostile 
gun,  which  may  hold  for  him  —  his  future  ! 

To  indicate  the  fierceness  of  the  struggle  in  the 
Argonne,  I  know  of  one  instance  in  which  an  ofiicer 
who  had  been  wounded  on  the  "hell-strip,"  "No- 


4 

I 

i 


r 

! 

i 

■■•, 

JR7 

^^^^9^^^^^S 

L  ■  \  ^ 

Hi 

H^^^^^^^^^^^^^^jfl 

w 

WcUNDID    Sul,I)IIK~     IRiiM     I  HI       I  Rise  111^    IN     I  III       VdMIiIIM.    RoUM    Al     THK 

Ami  KUAN  A\U!L  lanll 


nil.    I'llKNOMI-NA   ol    WAR  15 

Man's  Land,"  th.it  rc<l  laiu-  between  the  (lerinan 
,111(1  the  lietiih  aclvante  trenches,  hiy  there  for  six 
.ir)(l  oiie-hall  clays,  then  died.  Neither  rescue  nor 
capture  was  permitted.  Ma:.hh^ht->  phiycd  over 
this  wounded  in.ui  at  nij^ht,  and  food  w.is  thrown  to 
hini  Itoni  the  trenches  by  day.  Dead  bodies  he 
on  this  strip  or  dangle  on  barbed  wires  lor  days 
and  weeks  and  months. 

In  the  hrst  impact  ot  war  many  men  in  all  ot  the 
armies  became  insane;  many  underwent  nervous 
hieakdowii;  some  became  hysterical;  but  the  great 
majority  became  seasoned  and  tnaintained  a  state 
ol  good  health.  The  rigid,  alert,  muscular  response 
uses  vp  much  energy  ;  the  appetite  is  active,  diges- 
tion good,  and  if  the  supply  of  food  is  adequate  the 
balance  of  nutrition  is  maintained.  I  have  observed, 
however,  tha'"  soldiers  in  the  trenches  show  unusual 
lines  of  strain  upon  their  faces,  giving  them  the 
appearance  of  being  from  five  to  ten  years  older 
than  their  actual  ages. 

While  the  proximity  of  the  trenches  has  brought 
intensive  Hghting,  it  has  also  brought  its  counter- 
part,—  fraterni/ing  '  tween  the  opposing  sides, 
fhe  men  hear  each  other  talk  and  sing,  one  side 
signals,  the  other  answers,  and  their  representatives 


l6      A  MECHANISTIC  VIEW  OF  WAR  AND  PEACE 

appear    and    exchange    tobacco,    food,    and    news- 

papers. 

On  Christmas  day  the  son  of  nn  Enghsh  friend 
of  mine  participated  in  a  friendly  interchange  of 
greetings.  The  soldiers  on  each  side  agreed  mu- 
tually to  the  cessation  of  hostilities,  and  spent 
the  day  in  chatting  and  burying  their  dead. 
Officers  (ordered  their  men  back  to  the  trenches. 
The  men,  however,  agreed  that  until  a  stated  hour 
they  would  shoot  into  the  air.  When  tl -t  hour 
arrived  both  sides  put  on  the  mask  of  war,  and  re- 
sumed the  business  of  killing  each  other. 

Soldiers  have  told  me  that  they  fmd  it  difficult, 
at  times  impossible,  to  shoot  an  individual  enemy 
when  they  c-i  see  his  face  so  clearly  that  he  might 
again  be  recognized. 

In  general  we  may  say  that  the  warfare  of 
the  trenches  represents  an  intense,  though  not 
necessarily  a  destructive  activation  of  the  kinetic 
system,  which  might  be  compared  NNith  the  kinetic 
activation  of  prolonged  athletic  contests,  or  pro- 
longed intense  mental  application,  such  as  a  chess 
contest,  or  the  taking  of  difficult  examinations. 


Till.    IMILNUMLNA  OK    WAR 


17 


Artillrry  Fire 

In  contrast  to  the  vis-d-vis  trench  fij^hting  with 
rifles  and  hand  grenades  and  dynamite,  artillery 
tire  is  more  severe  only  when  concentrated,  and  the 
concussive  effect  of  bursting  shells  brings  other 
forms  of  injury.  The  sudden  explosion  ot  the 
shell  shocks  the  ear,  frequently  breaking  the  ear 
drum ;  it  shakes  the  body,  and  often  produces  a 
molecular  chanjj;e  in  nervous  tissue.  The  rarefac- 
tion and  condensation  of  the  air  cause  such  violent 
changes  in  the  gaseous  tension  in  the  blood  as  to 
rupture  blood  vessels  in  the  central  nervous  system 
—  thereby  producing  an  injury  in  a  vital  part  and 
causing  sudden  death.  The  process  is  in  a  measure 
comparable  to  "caisson  disease"  or  "bends"  in 
workmen  laboring  under  atmospheric  pressure  in 
tunnels  under  water.  But  artillery  tire  is  less  per- 
sonal than  the  ritk-  or  bayonet.  The  artilleryman 
rarely  sees  the  object  of  his  fire  :  he  has  no  personal 
contact  with  the  enemy,  but  suddenly  finds  himself 
under  a  scorching  tire,  from  a  source  which  he 
cannot  ascertain,  from  an  enemy  he  cannot  see.  It 
is  like  (pr.nreiing  h\  tcle^rnph. 

In  describing  an  important  artillery  engagement, 


,8      A  MECHANISTIC  VIEW  OF  WAR  AND   I'KACE 
an   observer   tola   me   that   although    there   were   a 
large  number  ot  guns  in  action  he  couUl  not  see  a 
gun  nor  did  he  see  a  man.     The  general  and  his  staff 
were  stationed  behind  a  small  mound,  where  a  tele- 
phone kept  them  in  touch  with  the  action  at  the  front. 
The  scene  was  silent  and  grave.     Now  and  again  a 
messenger  came  and  went,  and  a  small  stream  ot 
wounded  soldiers  were  seen  walking  slowly  back.     At 
one  moment  a  soldier  who  had  shown  especial  bravery 
in  capturing  a  mitrailleuse  was  sent  to  the  general, 
who  shook  his  hand  and  congratulated  him.     Only 
by  telephone  were  these  onlookers  finally  apprized 
that  the  battle  was  over  and  that  a  victory  had  been 
won.     lV>llowing    the   wounded    soldiers   one    could 
note  a  progressive  change  in  their  condition.     They 
became  weaker  and  more  nervous,  and  as  the  stuTi- 
ulus   of   battle    faded    the    relaxation    and    fatigue 
became    manifest.     This    battle  was    in    the  woods 
of  the  Vosges.     The   same  observer  described   an- 
other battle  on   an  open   plain   in  which,  although 
the  entire  field  was  in  sight,  not  a  man  nor  a  gun 
could   be   seen,   so   complete  was   the   obliteration. 
Aside  from  the  sound  of  the  firing  of  heavy  guns 
and  the  whistle  of  shells  not  a  sight,  not  a  sound, 
gave  evidence  that  in  the  plain  a  battle  was  raging. 


THt   PHENOMENA  OE  WAR 


19 


IV ai ting  undir  fire 

Lying  under  fire  tor  the  first  time  while  wniting 
l.)r  orders  to  charge  is  perhaps  the  most  trying 
ordeal  for  the  soldier,  for  his  instinct  urges  him 
ro  lace  the  on-coming  enemy.  He  realizes  the  pos- 
sibility of  inunediate  death.  Mis  kinetic  system  is 
speeded  to  the  utmost.  He  is  activated  for  a  fierce 
physical  attack.  He  is  under  extreme  emotion. 
His  heart  pounds  loudly  against  his  ribs,  his  hands 
tremble,  his  knees  shake,  his  body  is  Hushed  with 
heat,  he  is  drenched  with  sweat.  In  mechanistic 
terms  the  phenomena  manifested  by  the  soldier 
waiting  under  fire  may  be  interpreted  as  follows : 
His  brain  is  activated  by  the  ai)proach  of  the 
enemy.  The  activated  brain  in  turn  stimulates  the 
adrenals,  the  thyroid,  the  liver.  In  consequence 
thyreoiodin,  adrenalin,  and  glycogen  are  thrown 
into  the  blood  in  more  than  normal  quantities. 
These  activating  substances  are  for  the  j)urj)ose  of 
facilitating  attack  or  escape.  As  the  secretions  thus 
mobilized  are  utilized  in  neither  attack  nor  escape, 
heat  and  the  muscular  actions  of  shaking  and  trem- 
bling are  produced.  The  rapid  transformation  of 
energy   causes    a   correspondingly    rapid    production 


■  ! 


20      A  MECHANISTIC  VIEW  OF  WAR   AND   PEACE 

of  acid  by-products.  These  increased  acid  by  prod- 
ucts stimulate  the  respiratory  center  to  greater  activ- 
ity to  eliminate  the  carbonic  acid  gas.  The  increased 
adrenalin  output  mobilizes  the  circulation  in  the 
Hmbs;  withdraws  blood  from  the  abdominal  area; 
causes  increased  heart  action  and  dilatation  of  the 
pupils.  In  addition,  the  increased  acidity  causes  in- 
creased sweating,  increased  thirst,  and  increased 
urinary  output,  all  of  these  water  phenomena  being 
adaptations  for  the  neutralization  of  acidity. 

Thus  the  intense  activation  of  the  soldier  wnitmg 
under  fire  for  orders  is  explained  on  mechanistic 
grounds,  and  the  resultant  changes  in  the  brain,  the 
adrenals,  and  the  liver  are  easily  demonstrable.  It 
is  this  strong  stimulation  of  the  kinetic  system  to 
fight  or  to  llight  that  in  the  lirst  experience  some- 
times results  in  fleeing.  The  subsequent  stimulus 
is  never  so  intense  as  the  primary  stimulus,  and  with 
experience  the  kinetic  system  is  progressively  less 
driven,  until  at  last  the  soldier  is  said  to  be  'steady 
under  fire.' 

The  Charge 

Soldiers  say  that  they  find  relief  in  any  muscu- 
lar action  ;   but  the  supreme  bliss  of  forgetfulness  is 


./ 

Sl(l|n\    UK    .\oKM\l.    (.  .  Rl.liKLLL  M 
(X    100) 


..-lY 


Skction   of   C'lRi  iii.M.i  \i   aimr   In- 
somnia—  IOC  HOIKS   (X   IOC) 


Ci>ni|i;irr  the  wel!  ^-iaiiu-.l  licarly  ilfl'.ru-il  I'urkinje  colls  uloni;  the  margin  of  section  .1 
with  the  faiiil  traces  of  the  I'urkinje  cells  which  are  barely  visible  alonj,'  the  margins 
of  sell  inn  /J 


'   i 


TUF.    I'lIKNOMF.NA  Ol    WAR 


21 


in  ;in  or^y  ot  lustful  satisfying  killing  in  a  hanci-to- 
liaiul  bayonet  action,  wlu-n  tin.'  giuntcti  breath  of 
the  enemy  is  heard,  and  his  blood  flows  warm  on 
the  hand.  This  is  a  tling  back  in  jjliylogeny  to  the 
l)eriod  when  man  had  not  coiitrolled  hre,  '  ul 
not  fashioned  weapons  ;  vhen  in  mad  embrace  he 
tore  the  flesh  with  his  angry  teeth  and  felt  the  warm 
blood  tlow  over  his  thirsty  face.  In  the  hand-to- 
hand  tight  the  soldier  sees  neither  to  the  right  nor 
to  the  left.  His  eyes  are  fastened  on  one  man  — 
his  man.  In  this  lust-satisfying  encounter  mjuries 
are  not  felt,  all  is  exhilaration  :  injury  and  death 
alike  are  painless.  A  life-sized  photograph  giving 
each  detail  of  the  face  of  a  soldier  thus  transformed 
in  tlie  supreme  moment  of  hand-to-hand  combat 
woi'M  give  the  key  to  the  origin  ot  war. 

When  a  little  child  is  pursued  it  turns  just  before 
it  is  caught.  All  through  life,  in  play  and  in  earnest, 
the  individual  turns  tor  the  last  struggle.  During 
phytogeny  those  individuals  who  did  not  tight 
perished  and  by  perishing  left  no  progeny.  And  so 
it  is  that  now  most  men  —  perhaps  all  men  — -  under 
certain  conditions  face  death  and  fight  until  death. 
So  it  is  that  now  man.  whom  we  consider  as  civil- 
ized, as  self-controlled,  as  evolved  to  a  higher  plane 


22       A   MFC!I\NI<rir  VIF/V  OF  WAR    AM)    I'KACE 

than  his  savage  progenitors,  is  thrilled  by  the  death 
agony  ot  hi^  tellovvs.  The  action  patterns  of 
ontogeny  seem  but  shallow  tracings  upon  the  deep 
grooves  ot  phylugeny  ;  in  the  eultiv.it.'d  man  ot 
to-day  is  the  beast  ot  the  phylogenetic  yesterday. 

The  Retreat  —  Fatigue  —  Loss  of  Sleep 

Perhaps  one  ot"  the  greatest  retreats  in  history 
was  that  of  the  allied  armies  from  Mons  to  the  Marne. 
Again  and  again  I  listened  to  the  story  from  men 
who  participated  in  that  retreat  and  their  personal 
experiences  varied  but  liitle. 

After  a  sustained  and  heavy  action  at  Mons, 
being  overiMmered  by  the  enemy,  the  allied  armies 
began  the  retirement  which  continued  tor  nine  days 
and  nights.  One  hundred  and  eighty  miles  of  nuuch- 
ing  without  making  camj)  is  the  story  ot  that  great 
iLtreat  in  which  the  pace  was  set  by  the  enemy. 
Only  rarely  were  suthciently  long  halts  made  for  the 
men  to  catch  a  tew  moments  of  rest.  Food  and 
water  were  scarce  and  were  irregularly  supplied. 

The  point  of  paramount  interest  in  that  retreat 
is  found  in  the  sleep  phenomena  experienced  by 
these  men.  It  has  been  shown  that  animals  sub- 
jected to  the  most  favorable  conditions,  kept  trom 


OI 


Section  of  Xormai    Adrfnai.  Sfction  of  Adrinm.  aftfr  Insomnia 

(X    l'')40)  —  lOO    HOIKS   (X    l<^>40) 

niparc  .1  and  H.  notiriK  in  the  latter  the  disappearance  of  cytoplasm,  the  loss  of  some 
nuclei,  and  the  Kenerallj'  disorganized  appearance  of  the  cells. 


TUF     CIIFNOMKNA  OF   WAR 


N 


exertion  <>i  worry,  supplied  uitli  plenty  of  food, 
.ind  in  j^ood  hygienic  surroundings,  do  not  survive 
longer  tli;in  from  five  to  ei^lit  (hiys  without  sleep. 
Tlu-  mere  maintenance  ot  the  conscious  state  is 
.It  the  expense  ol  the  hi.iiii,  the  .idnti.ds,  .ind  tlie 
h\er,  ami  these  t.  han^es  are  identic  al  w  it  li  i  he  i  han^is 
in  these  organs  wrought  hy  exertion,  inlection,  and 
emotion.  The  changes  wrought  hy  these  activators 
can  bf  repaired  only  during  sleep.  Sleep,  therefore, 
is  as  essential  as  food  and  air.  In  this  retreat  from 
Mens  to  the  Marne  we  have  an  extraordinary  human 
experiment,  in  whieli  M-vc-ral  Imndred  thousand  tncn 
secured  htrle  sleep  during  nine  days,  and  in  addition 
made  forced  marches  and  fought  one  of  the  greatest 
hattles  in  history. 

How  then  did  these  men  '<ur\  ive  nine  days  appar- 
ently without  opportunity  for  sleep  ^  rhe\-  <iid  in  ex- 
traordinary thing.  —  they  slept  while  they  marched  ! 
Sheer  fatigue  slowed  down  their  pace  to  a  rate 
that  would  permit  tliein  to  sleep  while  walking. 
When  they  halted  they  fell  asleep.  They  slept  in 
water,  and  on  rough  ground,  when  suffering  the 
pangs  of  hunger  and  ol  thiist.  and  even  when  severely 
wounded.  1  hev  cared  not  for  capture,  not  even 
for  death,  if  only  they  could  sleep. 


24        \    MMMIWISTIC  VIF.W  OF   WAR    AM)    ITACE 

I  lu  unvaried  testimony  of  the  soldiers  was  that 
every  one  at  times  slept  on  tlu-  iii.iii  It  I  hey  passed 
throuj^h  villages  asleep.  When  sleep  deepened  and 
they  he^an  to  reel,  they  were  wakened  by  comrades. 
I  lifv  Niept  in  water,  on  stones,  in  hnish,  or  in  tlu 
middle  of  the  road  as  if  they  had  siuldenly  f.dlen  in 
death.  \\  ith  the  e\  it  on-eoming  lines  of  the  enemy, 
no  man  was  safe  who  dropped  out  of  the  i.inks,  for 
no  matter  on  what  pretext  he  fell  out,  sleeji  (on- 
(jueied  him.  Asleep,  ni.iny  were  captured,  ihat 
the  aitillery  men  slept  on  horseback  was  evidenced 
by  the  fact  that  every  man  lost  his  cap. 

The  complete  exhaustion  of  the  men  in  this  re- 
treat from  Mons  to  the  Manic  i>  vividlv  told  by 
Dr.  (iros  of  the  American  .Ambulance,  who  with 
others  went  to  the  battlefield  of  the  Marne  to  col- 
lect the  wounded.  On  their  way  to  Meaux  they  met 
many  troops  fleeing,  all  hurriedly  glancinj^  back, 
looking  more  like  hunted  .uiinvi's  than  men.  intent 
only  on  reaching  a  haven  of  safety. 

When  the  ambulances  arrived  at  Meaux  at  mid- 
night they  tound  the  town  in  utter  darkness.  Not 
a  sound  was  heard  in  the  street,  not  a  light  was 
seen.  The  only  living  things  were  hundreds  of  cats. 
Tiiey   called,    they   shouted,    in    \ain    they    tried   to 


0*                     ^^^^^^^^^I^^H^^I^^^^^^B        ^H 

^^^^^^JF^^^^^^B^tA^BHPVPI%^^^^^H 

SECTION    OF    NoKMAI.    I,|VIR  SfCTION     OF     I.IVER      AFTFR      In'^OMNIA 

(X    lf>40)  —  lOO    HOIKS    (X    l'i4JI 

Cdmparc  .1   uml  B,  iiotitig  the  vaiuoUli'd  ^|).uc>  ami  Kciicr.il  lihs  uf  i>ti>|i|.i^ni  in  the 

latter. 


I   J 


4 


.u, 


I 


Tin:    PIlKNCniKNA  (W   WAR 


arouse  some  one.  At  last  they  succeeded  in  awaken- 
ing tlie  mayor,  to  whom  the}'  said:  "Can  you  tell 
us  in  what  village  we  will  find  the  wounded  :  We 
were  told  there  were  many  here."  The  mayor  re- 
plied; "My  village  is  full  ot  wounded.  1  will  show 
you."  With  the  aid  of  a  flickering  lamp,  rhey 
threaded  their  way  through  dark  streets  to  a  di- 
lapidated scloo!  building.  Not  a  light  !  Not  a 
sour  ^  !  There  was  the  stillness  ot  de;ith  I  fhey 
ranped  louder,  there  was  no  response !  Pushing 
open  the  door,  they  found  the  building  packed  witli 
wounded  —  over  hve  hundred  —  with  all  kinds  ot 
wounds.  Some  were  dying,  some  ciead,  but  every 
one  was  in  deej)  sleep.  Bleeding,  yet  asleep  ;  legs 
shattered,  yet  asieej) ;  abdomen  and  chest  torn  wide 
o{)en,  yet  asleep.  They  were  lying  on  the  hard 
floor  or  on  bits  of  straw .  Not  a  groan,  not  a  motion, 
not  a  comjilaint  —  only  sleep  ! 

Surgical  aid,  the  prospect  ot  being  taken  to  a  go«»tl 
hospital,  the  thought  of  tood  and  drink,  ot  being 
removed  trom  the  range  of  the  enemies'  guns,  awak- 
ened no  interest.  There  was  a  sleejiv  inditierence 
to  everything  in  lite.  They  had  reached  the  stage 
of  unconditional  exhaustion,  .nid  desired  only  to  be 
left  alone. 


26       A   Ml-  1IAM>1IC"   \1F.\\    ()!•    WAR    AM)    I'l  ACF. 


Dr.  Ciros'  .w.-' hill  a  nee  eorps  took  the  worst  cases 
first.  These  were  soldiers  with  shattered  le^s  and 
arms,  some  witli  eompoimd  traetiires,  some  with 
penenatini^  wounds  ot  the  ahdomen  and  chest. 
I  hey  made  httle  or  no  comphiint  on  being  j)ii"ked  up, 
l)Iaced  in  aml)uhinces,  and  transportecL  The  only 
sound  they  uttered  was  when  the  torn  tiesh,  glued 
to  the  t1oor  by  driec'  blood,  was  pulled  loose. 

I'hus  these  men,  goaded  by  shot  and  shell,  and  the 
ever-ad\anc  ing  army  :  tor  nine  d.iys  without  ade- 
(|uate  slee[)  or  lood  :  in  constant  tear  ol  capture, 
and  finally  wounded.  —  thus  these  men,  more  dead 
than  alive,  came  to  the  hospital  :  and  thus  they 
slept  on  while  their  wounds  were  tlressed. 

.After  deep  sleep  for  two  or  three  days,  during 
which  they  wanted  neither  food  nor  drink,  they 
began  to  be  conscious  of  their  surroundings:  they 
asked  (piestions  ;  they  experienced  pain  :  thev  had 
discomforts  and  wants; — they  had  returned  from 
the  abysmal  oblivion  of  <Ieep. 

I'!iat  these  men  had  concpiered  the  o\erv\ helming 
impulse  to  sleep  sufFicientiy  to  continue  marching 
and  fighting  during  that  nine  days'  retreat  testifies 
to  the  tiommating  power  of  battle.  Fhat  a  soldier 
falls   asleep   during   the   dressing  of"  severe   wounds 


\\(ll  M)l  1>   Sol. nil. K    I  ROM    nil      IHl  Mill  -    I   I'OS     \l'Nll'-MoN    lo    nil' 
AmULLANCH.       Null.     IHK     IxtlKS    OK     I.  .\H  \l  >  HON 


TH?:    PHENOMENA  OF  WAR 


27 


tells  a  trenchant  story  of  the  intensity  of  the 
stimulus  that  kept  him  awake.  Fhe  exhausted, 
half-dead  appearance  of  these  sr)ldiers  was  usually 
transformed  by  one  U)ng  seance  of  sleej^  during  which 
the  brain,  the  adrenals,  and  the  liver  had  in  some 
measure  overcome  their  {)h\sical  exhaustion. 


Drra 


?ns 


The  harmony  of  the  sleep  of  the  exhausted  soldier 
has  but  one  discordant  note,  and  that  is  the  dream 
of  battle.  The  dream  is  alv\a\->  the  same,  always  of 
the  enemy.  It  is  never  a  pleasant  pastoral  dream, 
or  a  dream  of  home,  but  a  dream  of  the  charge,  of 
the  bursting  shell,  of  the  bayonet  thrust  !  Again 
and  again  in  camp  and  in  hospital  wards,  in  spite 
of  the  great  desire  to  sieC|-»,  a  desire  so  great  that  the 
dressing  of  a  compound  fracture  would  not  be  telt, 
nun  sprang  up  with  a  battle  cry,  and  reached  for 
I  heir  rifles,  the  dream  outcry  startling  their  comrades, 
whose  thresholds  were  excessively  low  to  the  stimuli 
of  attack. 

In  the  hospital  wards,  battle  nightmares  were 
common,  and  severely  wounded  men  would  often 
spring  out  of  their  beds.  An  unexpected  analogy 
to  this  battle  niLdumare  was  found  in  the  anestlietic 


28      A   Ml.CllAM.-llC   VIKW   OF   WAR    AND   PEACE 

dreams.  Precisely  the  same  battle  nightmare,  that 
occurred  in  sleep,  occurred  when  soldiers  were 
going  under  or  coming  t)ut  of  anesthesia,  when 
they  would  often  struggle  valiantly,  —  for  the  anes- 
thetic dream  like  the  slet  p  dream  related  not  to  a 
home  scene,  not  to  some  dominating  activation  ot 
[)eaceful  davs,  hut  always  to  the  enemy,  and  usually 
to  a  ^url)rise  attack. 

One  day  a  French  soldier,  in  the  first  stage  of 
anesthesia,  broke  the  stillness  of  the  operating  room, 
transHxiiig  every  one,  while  in  low,  beautiful  tones, 
and  witii  intense  feeling,  he  sang  the  iMarseillaise. 

Pain 

Pain  as  a  phenomenon  of  war  exh.bits  several 
variations  of  great  interest,  the  key  to  which  is  found 
in  the  conception  of  pain  as  a  part  of  an  adaptive 
muscular  action.  Identical  injuries  inflicted  under 
varying  conditions  yield  pain  of  unequal  intensity. 
The  most  striking  phenomenon  exhibited  by  soldiers 
is  the  absence  of  pain  under  the  following  conditions  : 
{(i)  In  the  midst  of  a  furious  charge  the  soldier  feels 
no  pain  if  wounded  ;  and  sore  and  bleeding  feet 
are  unnoticed.  In  the  overwiielming  excitement  of 
battle  he  m.iy  be  shot,  stabbed,  or  crushed  without 


^^^ 

i 

lb 

^ 

4 

|-,\M\LSIM)    Sol  l>n  K     IKOM     |M|       TkimiiiS 

Thi.  man  Avpl  (uniimi.ui>l>  f,,r  luo  J,,y~  ami  iiii;ht^  aflor  a.lmi~Mun  to  tlu-  American 

Amlmlaiii  u. 


ShK  M'Ml,    WoiM)    (IK     [aw 

TiiL-  i)iLi.v  iii  ^iMupiifi  rvmin,i-<i  I'rom  the  wiiund  h  ticlil  ti>  the  nurM>. 


ii 


I 


THE    PHENOMENA  OF   WAR 


29 


feeling  pain,  ^h)  The  blow  of  a  high  velocity  bullet 
or  projectile  unaccompanied  by  the  heat  ot  battle 
causes  no  pain  on  impact,  though  there  may  be  a 
burning  sensation  at  the  point  of  entrance,  and  the 
soldier  may  feel  as  if  he  had  been  jarred  or  struck. 
Frequently  he  first  learns  of  his  wound  from  a 
comrade,  (c)  In  the  state  of  complete  exhaustion 
in  which  loss  of  sleep  is  the  chief  factor  j^ain  is  (juite 
abolished,  {d)  Under  heavy  emotion  pain  is  greatly 
diminished,  even  prevented. 

We  can  now  offer  a  mechanistic  explanation  of 
these  exceptions  to  the  general  rule  that  bodily 
injury  causes  pain.  During  the  overwhelming  ac- 
tivation in  a  charge,  the  stimulus  of  the  sight  of 
the  enemy  is  so  intense  that  no  other  stimulus  can 
obtain  possession  of  the  final  common  path  of  the 
brain  —  the  path  of  action.  We  have  elsewhere 
shown  ^  that  pain  is  inevitably  associated  vvith 
muscular  action  ;  therefore  if  a  bullet  or  bayonet 
wound  is  inflicted  at  the  moment  when  this  injury 
cannot  obtain  possession  of  the  final  common  path, 
it  can  excite  no  muscular  action  and  conse- 
quently no  pain.  Hunters  attacked  by  wild  beasts 
(Livingstone)    testify    to    the    '"act    that    the    tear- 

1  I  he  OriRin  and  Nature  of  rlic  Emotions. 


}0       A   .MKCnAM>TIC   \1K\V  Ul    WAR    ANIJ    I'l.ACE 

in^  <.r  the  flt-^h  Iiy  claws  and  teeth  tannor  dis- 
possess tlif  excessive  activation  of  thr  brain  hy 
tin-  rcali/ation  ot  danucr.  l-oi  this  reason  the  teeth 
and  I  laws  o|  ;he  beast  d'>  not  cause  any  adaptive 
mnsciil.ir  response  .ind  theretore  there  is  no  pain. 
In  hke  manner  the  emotion  of  fear  in  the  soldier 
holds  possession  of  the  tmal  (ommon  path  so 
that  nniscular  action  against  local  flesh  injuries 
is  prevented.  Not  only  in  war  does  emotion 
overcome  pain;  s,)  does  i^reat  an^a-r  :  so  does  the 
exaltation  of  reli^Mcnis  fanatics  in  their  emotional 
rites. 

An  explanation  of  the  fact  that  even  when  other 
stimuli  do  not  j)ossess  the  final  common  path  a  rifle 
ball  may  pass  thr()iijj;h  the  body  without  causing 
pain  is  found  in  the  postulate  that  the  sense  or^^ans 
react  only  to  those  stimuli  in  the  environment  to 
which  they  have  become  adapted  and  to  those  stimuli 
only  when  they  are  applied  within  the  limits  of 
adaptation.  Too  bright  a  liji;ht  blinds  ;  too  loud  a 
sound  deafens.  There  is  no  receptive  mechanism 
adapted  to  the  stimuli  of  the  X-ray.  The  high- 
speed bullet  is  a  recent  development,  and  even  were 
it  not  recent,  no  muscular  action  could  have  availed  as 
a  defense  against  it.     The  force  of  its  impact  and  its 


it 


StCT'.UN    111     NiiRM.xl,   Li  Kl.HLLLLM         Sl.Lllo.N      ul       L'l  1<  I  I;  I  I  I  .   \l      SlIciWINf; 
(Xjio)  Ekfkct     ok      Imkfwi       1'mVs|(.AI. 

Kxi  K  I  PIN    (  X    3  10} 


i  il 

f 


1*^ 


,l!l     iMlI.NnMl  \\   (>l     \^  NH 


snci'i 


llslH\..n.ltluT,.n.ur..t  nnisnil.ii  .i(l.ii.t..ti..n.ii 


ul 


tlu'ii-lorc  It   i-liMts  nn  iiuiMul.ii   usiw 


)nse  —  no  i 


am. 


As|«.i  ilK-(liinmi->lu(l  p.iin  m  .Aliau.tion,  rs] 


)i'ciall\ 


(.■\liaustion    ill    \n 


1,„|,    Ins.  ..I    sKcp   1^   an    iinpoitaiit 


!art(ii.    t 


lu-    t.-llouini;   c\i>lniati..n    sicnis   ac 


k'cjiiaii 


A 


\v 


s  \V(.'  lia\i-  st.itid 


aluMilN 


nam 


i-.  alxvavs  associates 


itii   nuisi  iilai    M  tion. 


riR-ift(.rc  it  tin-  kincrir  sy: 


,K.tcl\    cxhaustfd  that   n.>  more  mus- 


trin  is  so  lomiili'tf 

^,L,r  action  <  an  hr  cxritccK  pain  is  impossible.  In 
,  Stat,  of  rxluu^ti<.n.  tluTcto.c,  unless  th.  inpiry  -s 
M.Huient  to  nH,hili/c  the  clrc.u.  ot  cncT^y  rcmaimn^  m 
Uu-  kinetic  organs  there  ^^^l  he  no  muscular  action 
.,,,,  ,„,,,!,.  This  explanat  on  is  srn.n^ly  supported 
l>y  the  tact  that  a-  soon  as  exhausted  soldiers  had 
slept  lon^  enough  to  restore  in  s<mu-  measure  the 
,ncr,uv  of  the  brain,  the  adrenals,  and  the  liver,  t  en 
n.uscular  acti<.n  and  coincidentally  pain  were  evoked 

normally. 

Wo  know  also  that  in  a  state  of  exhaustion,  much 
less  anesthesia  is  reciuired  to  conter  treed<.m  trom 
pain  than  is  rc-Muired  in  a  noriwal  unlati^ued  condi- 
tion. A  remarkable  example  of  the  depression  of 
pain  in  the  presence  of  other  more  dominant  stimuli 
is  the  case  of  a  younji  British  serj^eant,  who  in  a  severe 
engagement  while  standing  near  a  battery  had  his  leg 


32 


A   MKCIlAMSnC  VIEW  OF  WAR    \\1)   PEACE 


|)artiallv  lut  o\i  by  a  slid!  that  tailed  to  explode.  He 
lelt  no  pain,  merely  a  jar,  antl  diseovered  his  injury 
only  when  his  let;  (ailed  to  support  him.  He  hojiped 
to  a  near-by  staek  ot  j^rain  and  lay  down  behind  it. 
Here  he  took  out  his  dull  one-bladed  kiiite  and  eom- 
jileted  the  amputation,  teelinj;  no  pain  in  making 
the  tii\ision.  .An  ambulanee  s(jua('  started  lor  him 
but  immediately  the  enemy  tired  upon  them,  kill- 
ing one.  The  lire  becoming  more  intense,  the  ser- 
geant rolled  over  and  over  mto  a  near-by  ravine. 
The  enemy  advanced  so  last,  that  in  his  excitement 
he    str  .ggled    Uj)    and    forgetting    that  leg    was 

gone  thr  a  his  weight  on  the  stump.  Even  then 
he  felt  no  j)ain.  For  several  hours  he  lay  there  with- 
out pain  until  after  the  danger  had  passed  and  he 
was  removd  by  tb*-  -tretcher  scjuad.  I'hen  pain 
took  possession  of  the  final  common  path  and  his 
suffering  bcj,an. 

The  fact  that  jxdn  is  an  accompaniment  of  mus- 
cidar  action  and  that  without  some  associated  mus- 
cular action  there  is  no  pain,  makes  it  dear  that  there 
can  iu'  no  pain  when  the  system  is  as  exhausted  as  in 
the  soldiers  in  their  retreat  to  the  .Marne.  A  striking 
illustration  of  the  absence  ot  [Liin  in  the  j)rest"nce  of 
extreme  tea''  and  exriaustion  is  found  in  an  incident 


Sn.  1  ICIN    HI     NiiKM  \l      AdRKNAI 

(X  i'>40) 


B 

SlCllllN  1)1  \|)K1N\1  Slli)UlN(.  \.y- 
VYX\  OK  I-  \IKh\11  ''ltV>ll.  \1  Kxi  K- 
TION    (X    U>\^) 


THK    I'UKNOMKNA  OK   \\AR 


33 


related  by  Dr.  (iros,  which  occurred  during  the  trans- 
jMjrtatiou  of  wounded  soldiers  who  had  made  the  ex- 
hausting march  from  Mons  to  the  Marne. 

It  was  a  dark  night  and  the  hospital  train  hlled 
with  the  wounded  was  crossing  tlie  river  Ourcq. 
The  engineer  tailed  to  see  that  the  bridge  was  broken, 
and  the  train  plunged  into  the  river  beneath,  some  of 
the  cars  remaining  on  the  bridge  and  some  being  sus- 
pended in  mid-air.  The  patients  in  the  suspended 
cars,  struggling  like  worms  in  a  bottle,  were  thrown  in 
heaps  against  the  ends.  The  engine  exploded,  the 
cars  were  filled  with  live  steam,  and  many  ot  the 
wounded  were  burned  to  death.  Tlic  suspended 
cars  could  not  be  righted  and  the  wounded  were 
dragged  out  by  main  force. 

Such  intensihed  cruelty  could  not  come  even  to 
trapped  animals.  It  could  come  only  through  the 
ingenuity  of  man  —  through  the  macliinery  of  civili- 
zation. And  yet  these  men.  sutfering  from  fear, 
excessive  marching,  hghting,  the  loss  of  sleep,  and 
the  plunge  into  darkness,  scalded,  steamed,  grilled, 
and  Hnally  shattered  and  bleeding,  —  these  men 
felt  no  pain. 

There  is  one  other  factor  which  prevents  pain  — 
the  so-called  "wind  of  the  ball"  or  concussion.     In 


34       A    MF.CHANIMIC  VII-.W  OF   WAR    AND    I'FACE 

the  early  liavs  ol   the   Tar  West  this  was  known  as 
creasing,   ami  was   iit    i/ed   in   eatehing  wild  horses. 
The  horse  was  stalked  to  a  water-hole  where  by  a 
sure  aim  a  ritle  hall  wa^  sent  through  its  neck  just 
above  the  spinal  lolumn.      The  "wind  of  the  ball" 
knocked    the    horse    down    and    it    could    easily    be 
roped.     Thus    in    war   rnan    knocks   down    many   ot 
his  tellows  by  the  "wind  of  the  ball."     A  ball  grazes 
the  head  or  the  neck,  and  the  soldier  falls.     A  ball 
or  shell  in  passing  through  the  arm  or  leg  grazes  a 
nerve  trunk  and  there  is  sen  ,ory  and  motor  paralysis 
below   it.     .\  ball  passes  through  the  spinal  column, 
and  the  entire  body  and  extremities  below  are  para- 
lyzed.    There  are  cases  also  in  which  the  pain  sense 
has   been    lost   although   apparently    no   injury    has 
been  received,  the  anesthetic  condition  being  analo- 
gous to  h\  sterical  anesthesia.     For  these  I  can  offer 
no  interpretation. 

Courage 

That  .inimals  accept  battle  at  sight  .ind  struggle 
ui;to  death  excites  no  comment.  That  tlv*  herbivora 
secure  their  daily  food  bravcK  under  tlie  eyes  ot 
their  enemies  is  taken  for  granted.  We  expect  even 
the  worm  to  turn.      Fighting  to  the  death  has  been 


Skction  of  Normai.  I.ivkr 


ShCTios   OF   l.r\iK   SmiwiN'.  Kffkct 

OF     KmRFMF     I'llV^RM.     KXFRIIDN 

(X  1(40) 


Wf 


THE    I'HFNOMENA  Ol    WAR 


35 


the  game  o\  lilc  amonj;  the  progenitors  of  man. 
Ill  the  evohitioii  ot  mm  the  strongest  and  the  brav- 
est have  survived.  Tluis  luavery  is  an  evolved 
phenomenon  and  as  such  must  have  survival  value. 
I'he  soldiers  of  all  nations  at  war  are  brave  and  all 
ilic  as  bravely  as  animals  die. 

The  IVouyided 

Usually  the  wounded  are  not  rescued  until  night  — 
they  are  left  to  make  a  long  struggle  until  darkness 
protects  them.  This  is  not  because  it  is  undesirable 
to  rescue  them  during  the  day,  but  impossible ! 
Even  at  night  the  rescue  work  is  hazardous,  as  shell 
lire  plays  constantly  over  the  field.  The  Red  Cross 
has  proveil  as  much  a  target  as  a  protection,  for  in 
this  war  ambulances  and  hospit.ds  are  fired  upon. 
'Ihc  toll  of  killed  and  wounded  surgeons  in  the  first 
weeks  of  the  war  ranked  with  that  of  the  artillery 
officers. 

The  fate  of  the  wounded  is  uncertain.  The 
wounded  soldier  who  will  soon  be  able  to  return  to 
the  front  is  kept  within  the  sound  of  the  guns  lest 
he  lose  his  morale.  Here  with  no  sense  of  security 
he  must  make  his  recovery.  Like  trapped  animals 
wounded  soldiers  often  complete  the  amputation  of 


36       A   MLC11AM.^T1C   VILW  t)l-    WAR   AND   I'LACK 

their  own  manj^led  limbs  :  they  may  he  huried  alive 
in  shelled  trenehes  ;  they  may  be  tro/eii  to  death 
or  die  of  hunger  and  thirst:  they  may  be  burned 
or  their  IVo/en  feet  may  drop  off  with  their  shoes. 
The  wounded  must  often  consort  with  the  dying  — 
the  dead  —  the  decomposing.  They  may  become  ill, 
delirious,  insane  before  they  have  leached  the 
hospital  train. 

In  a  heavy  action  neither  side  knows  just  when 
the  blow  will  fall;  neither  side  knows  how  many 
will  be  wounded.  The  railways  are  choked  with 
onrushing  troops.  There  are  (jften  no  means  for 
considering  the  wounded,  the  order  of  military  train 
service  being  —  first,  fresh  troops  ;  second,  muni- 
tions ;  third,  food  ;  fourth,  the  wounded.  How 
many  Ireight  cars  would  be  needed  to  carry  ten 
thousand  wounded  .'  \'et  this  is  but  an  ordinary  toll. 
In  emergencies  the  wounded  are  packed  into  cars  — 
freight  cars,  any  kind  of  cars,  on  the  Hoors  of  which 
there  may  perchance  be  straw.  Under  such  stress  it 
may  take  days  for  the  hospital  train  to  make  even 
fitty  miles.  The  dead  from  time  to  time  are  cast  out 
like  dead  bees  from  a  hi'  t-  and  the  quiet  moans  of 
the  occupants  of  these  c'larnels  are  drowned  by  the 
vigorous  songs  of  the  fresh  young  patriots  on  the  next 


C  c.Mi'iii  Ml   Ikmmki    111    nil    Arm   wiiii   ^^lKhll^    Isiiiiins 

Ml. -I   aiiiiinl-.  lic.iiiir  inlKliil    i~|ii-.  i.illy  lli.-r  ni.hlr  lj>    lrat.'Munl  ~  nl   -lull,  a-  |>inTS 
iif  ilirty  I  lulliiiiK  arr  .  arrir.l  inlu  the  W(iim>l, 


Miini'ii    WinNDs  C'\i-.ii)  in    II\m>  (Ikinm) 


^ 

p. 

m 

M 

r 

^ 

r- 

PT. 

i 

.-  .^ 

i 

«l 

1 

1 

^ 

^ 

Kkh/i  n    Fi  I  I 
A  fn,';|iu'nl  si'i|uil  ol  liif  in  llu'  lUMuhes 


-nil     IMIl  NOMINA    »)1     U  \k  37 

track  iM^cT  to  liin^  tluinscK  cs  into  tlu-  hopper  of 
tliL-  greedy  mill  \shiih  grinds  steadily  on  xsluic  the 
nations  appUiud. 

(\iitst-s  of  Death 

At  the  end  ot  the  first  \ear  ot  the  vsar  it  was 
estimated  that  ten  million  soldiers  had  been  kdled, 
wounded,  or  were  missing. 

The  eommon  eauses  ot  death  are:  ia^  fragmen- 
tation of  the  hody  a  sudden,  paiidess  exit;  ib) 
shock  -  a  violent  restless  exit  :  ('  i  hemorrhage  -  a 
quiescent,  fading  exit;  [d)  infections  —  blood  pois- 
oning, gas  gangrene,  and  tetanus.  These  are  the 
wider   avenues   through    which    the   soldier   marches 

into  oblivion. 

The  phenomena  of  war  merely  show  that  only 
in  the  possession  of  more  comi)lex  reactions  does 
the  animal  -  man  --  ditTcr  from  other  animals. 
The  veneer  of  civilization  is  astonishingly  thin. 
Man  argues  like  the  brute  —  man  hghts  and  kdls 
like  the  brute.     Man  dies  like  the  brute. 

Son-combatants 

When  a  civil  community  is  hrst  under  fire  it  is 
terrorized.     In  time  this  terror  wears  away  and  hfe 


1  i 


;H        \    \1l  (  II  Wl-I  IC    \ll\\    Ol     W  \K    AM)    I'l   \('K 

iiiulci  the  -.omul  <>l  ^lulU  coc^  f^n  (luitc  noiinally. 
I  ol)M-i\r(l  ili.it  ttom  I  iinus  to  ^  [)H--^  the  t.mmis 
wi'U'  (|iiutl\  tilling  till-  M)il  utuliM  .utivi-  slicll  tiic. 
In  Diio  in>t.inn'  just  at  tlif  outskirts  ot  V'pit's  1  saw 
a  licsh  L\ra\  atiou  iiiadi-  by  a  shell  which  h.id  tallcii 
on  a  lu-ulv  niadc  tuiiow.  1  Ik-  tariiuT  was  working 
at  oiu'  (.lul  <»t  tin-  luiiow  aiul  the  (lermau  artillery 
at  the  other  end  '  I  he  lainiei  seenied  no  more 
disturbed  than  the  artillery.  An  aeropkine  tij^ht 
hi^h  abo\e  our  heads  called  forth  the  rapt  atten- 
tion of  e\erv  one  in  the  fields,  on  the  roads,  and 
in  the  housis,  but  e\en  so  the  exeiteinent  was  less 
than  one  usually  sees  at  a  baseball  ^ame. 

in  \'pres,  so  lon^  under  bombardiiienr,  and  so 
e.\tensi\elv  battered,  sonie  of  the  citi/ens  had  stolen 
back  in  spite  of  shells  and  had  resumed  their  daily 
routine.  I  recall  a  little  plaster  house  at  the  ed^e 
of  the  town,  in  the  doorway  of  which  two  women 
were  pleasantK'  ^ossipin^  and  two  little  ^'irls  were 
playing  with  dolls.  Ihe  nearer  the  front  one  ^oes, 
the  more  (piiet  and  serious  every  one  seems.  It  is 
the  solemn  atmosphere  ol  the  consecration  ot  human 
life. 

The  effect  of  war  on  non-combatants,  especially 
on  the  women,  is  as  characteristic  as  on  the  fighting 


1  * 


n 


*  -c 


y,       —       ■     -! 


O 


n 


IS 


n 


'g 


I    ^ 


THI.    I'UKNOMKNA  OF   WAR 


39 


men.  Spciics-preserv;ition  nnd  sclf-prcscrvation  arc 
ottcn  antitlu'tii  .il  :  in  orlu-r  words,  strii^j^L'  for  lite 
dispossesses  niii)uUcs  to  procreation.  As  the  struu- 
i^lc  for  life  lessens,  the  phenomena  ol  |)roireation  in- 
crease, a  fait  demonstrated  by  the  fashions,  amuse- 
ments, and  the  t\  pe  of  iiululgenres  of  |)rosperous 
seasons.  In  a  periotl  of  uar,  howexer,  the  fittesi 
males  are  called  to  the  battle  line,  and  the  women 
are  mobili/e«'  for  relief.  The  antithetie  reaction  of 
saxinj.^  life  becomes  as  stron|;l\'  stimul.ited  as  the 
reaction  of  destroying;  litc\  and  the  impulse  to  pro- 
creation loses  its  claim  to  the  final  common  [lath. 
Sclf-indul_i.^encc  disappears.  The  males  stru^i^le  in 
b.iitle  for  the  preservation  of  their  trd>e  or  nation 
a}.^iinst  their  enem\  ;  ihe  females  stru^^le  in  the 
care  of  the  sick  and  wounded  to  preser\e  their  race 
and  tribe,  by  mitigating  the  destructive  work  of  the 
enrmy.  1  he  tnilir.uy  unfit  strive  to  fill  the  vacant 
places  in  the  ranks  of  industry  and  of  science.  lluis 
the  ii(»n-comh>,ttants  are  mobilized  .is  completely  as 
are  the  combatants. 

The  non-combat, mt,  however,  is  more  emotional 
than  the  combatant,  f  niotion  beinjj;  .m  acti\'ation 
without  resultant  muscular  action,  the  non-combat- 
.mt    finds    inuneusc    relief    m    piusical    work.      The 


40       A   MKCHAMSTIC  VIKW  OF   WAR    AND    PKACE 

woman  craves  to  nurse  the  wounded  soldier,  and  she 
willingly  nertorins  for  liini  tin-  most  menial  services: 
the  more  she  is  driven  em.otionaliy  by  having  sons 
or  husband  at  the  tVont,  tlie  more  she  is  impelled 
to  exert  phvsieal  eare  on  some  soldier  —  any  soldier, 
even  one  ot  the  enemy,  and  in  that  work  she  lind 
her  salvation,  h)r  without  a  workinj^  interest  she 
would  be  impaired,  even  destroyed  by  the  emotion 
of  fear. 

One  evening  while  Paris  was  in  Zeppelin  dark- 
ness, I  kept  a  j)rofessional  ap|)(>intnu'nt  in  one  ot 
a  certain  j^roup  of  buildin;;s.  1  lost  my  way  in  the 
great  darkened  structures  and  wandered  from  floor 
to  Hoor,  buildin.i;  to  h-uildin^,  throuj^h  empty  haU^, 
until  at  last  I  met  an  aged  servant  who  showed  me 
the  way  to  the  room  where  I  found  the  great 
Metchnikoff !  This  buiiding  was  th«'  famous  Pasteur 
Institute.  Before  the  war  from  ninety  to  one  hun- 
dred siienrists  were  here  engaged  in  research!  I  he 
next  day  I  visited  the  Sorboi^.ne.  whose  intellec- 
ual  activities  of  other  days  are  now  represented 
by  a  small  group  of  military  diseards.  No  less 
deserted  must  be  the  famous  seats  oi  learning  ot 
(lermany.  Austria.  Russia,  and  iceasur,d)ly  o' 
I'.nglaiui. 


1 

I 


IllK    I'HKNOMENA   Ol    WAR 


4' 


The  brains  holding  the  germs  of  mighty  truths 
are  enriching  the  soil  ot  the  tar-Hung  battle  lines 
to-day,  and  the  torch  of  civilization  has  been  handed 
to  us. 

Grief 

The  quality  of  grief  excited  by  the  death  of  those 
who  have  fallen  in  battle  differs  from  the  grief  for 
those  who  die  in  peace.  In  war,  grief  is  mitigated 
because  it  is  a  common  lot  and  is  the  result  ot  ser- 
vice to  the  nati\'e  land.  I'.ven  in  war,  however, 
circumstances  alter  the  (juality  of  griet  for  the 
talleri.  When  a  bridge  has  been  saved,  a  hazard- 
ous message  delivered,  deteat  a\erted.  or  the  tide 
of  battle  turned,  then  grief  becomes  glorified  and 
the  death  of  the  hero  causes  e.\hilarati\c  pride. 
It,  on  the  other  hand,  death  i^  the  unher(.)ic  result 
ot  tever,  grief  is  unassuaged. 


i    > 


End  EjFtrts 

The  most  striking  end  etfect  of  war  is  race  deterio- 
ration, riie  etiect  ot  war  on  tlie  race  is  seen  in  the 
effect  ot  emigration  on  New  I'.ngland.  In  stature, 
ill  energy,  and  in  enrerpiisi-,  the  New  Kngland  tarmer 
has   deteriorated    by    lo^^   g    so   man}'   of   his    fittest 


i 


42        \    MlCllWblR-   \11.\V   ol    WAR     \M)    I'l  \r! 

sons.  It  has  been  stated  that  Najiolcon  ^^hortciud 
the-  stature  (if  the  l-'reiuh  h\  several  iiuhcs.  I'he 
hiiinan  animal  is  not  unliki-  other  .ininials.  no 
one  breeds  lioin  si  i  uh  stoek.  Thi^  war  will  diminish 
till-  statiiie  and  \  i.uor  ot  the  human  rate  to  the 
extent  th.it  the  killed  were  lari;er  and  stronger  than 
those  who  rem. lined  at  h.oiiie. 

riv  hirth  i.ite  .it  the  v\\{\  ol  the  war  will  he 
th.m^ed.  1 1  will  he  iiu  reascd  .imonu  the  \ietors, 
deere.iscd  .inioniL::  the  \an(|uished.  In  thi>^  res[)eet 
man  re.u  ts  like  . nam. lis.  Anmi.ils  breed  best  .imidst 
pleiitw  less  wlii'ii  iood  ;iiul  slu'lter  are  in.i(le(|uate, 
and  ItMst  ot  all  when  h.iri-sLHl  in  (apti\it\-. 

I  .im  told  b\  an  otiiei;il  ol  ,i  l.iri;e  insuranee  com- 
pan\'  tl.at  in  lairope  suiiides  .ire  now  ineveasin^  in 
the  ei\il  population  .md  tli.it  di.ibetes  iiure.i>-ed 
.liter  the  n.ilkan  W'.ir.  I  am  told  that  .in  )nu 
the  Bei^ians.  I^ri^ht's  dise.ise,  apople\\-,  di.ibetes, 
neurasthenia,  and  ins,init\  iiure.ised  alter  their 
\  i\  isfetion  by  (Iianiiiu.  It  his  beiii  estimated 
th.it  the  .idiilt  nelui.nis  ha\e  lost,  on  t!ie  average, 
ten  pounds  in  weight  ,ind  h,i\e  .'ged  trom  five  to  ten 
years.  As  a  \^hole  ilu-  n.itions  at  w.ir  ha\e  sn-^t. lined 
vast  moral  .md  ment.il  .is  well  ,is  phxsical  injuries. 
They  ha\e  lost   the  unit  \.ihae  ot   millions  ot  }ears 


I  UK    PHENOMENA  ( tl    WAR 


43 


of  life.     Tlu'   biologic   nspert   of  the   end   ctTert--   of 
WAV  will  he  considered  later. 


(^ow  prusfitions 

There  .ire  (crt.iin  (oinpensations  for  war.  War 
.ind  |)iei)aration  tor  war  (Ie\clo|)  national  KMiscioiis- 
ness —- increase  national  and  individual  eHiriency  ; 
they  lead  to  industrial  expansion,  lo  invention  ; 
they  bring  older  and  disi  ijdine  to  men  ;  they  develop 
unselfishness  and  charit\  ;  they  strike  down  needless 
distinctions  ;  and  through  war  or  the  thre.it  of  war 
the  masses  ha\e  often  achieved  personal  libertv. 
.Military  training  benefits  the  in(li\iduil  and  the 
nation;  it  teaches  obt'dienie.  respect  loi  auihorit\', 
|)uni  ruality,  team  pi  \  ;  it  promotes  phvsical  (le\ei- 
opment  and  personal  hygiene.  Military  training  is 
a  \aluable  prepaialion  lor  ,my  civil  t  ircer. 

How  much  ot  the  great  adv.nice  ot  Kuropean 
civilization  has  been  dm  to  rivalry  And  struggle 
among  the  great  j)owers  it  is  ditfuult  to  estimate, 
but  no  such  progress  could  ha\e  been  achieved  un- 
der condition^  oi  guaranteed  peace,  ior  [irogress  is 
born  of  struggle.  Hut  the  crucial  (luestion  letnaiiis  : 
W  hat  is  the  imjielling  force  tluit  makes  man  wage 
w  a  r  .' 


i    h 


Sl.lUllS     111      \oKM\l     I'hKIHIIllM     (X    no) 


?.f 


t^.y 


^  it 


S^^ 


'Si. 


*    ^.  •< 


•<  * 


a^t 


(Lt:\  -V^*l^i.< 


^ 

€ 


■v; 


J;#; 


r*  ./, 


%^£^  • 


^         s 


1  ^1 


Scilioii.,1  ,rri-l>i-lliim  of  a  -  .Micr  «ii'.  h.i  !  MilTcr.-.l  lr..rii  hiiiiKir.  llnr-l.  .irul  l..^>u(  -li-c|>. 
had  mailc  the  i-xlra»nliiiary  forrnl  manh  of  iSo  mill-  from  N'mi-  to  the  .\larnc; 
in  the  miil-l  of  the  cn-atc-t  ballli-  in  hi-lory  wa-  woiinilcd  by  the  explosion  of  a 
shell;  lay  for  hours  waiting  lor  help,  ami  ilieil  from  exhaustion  soon  after  reaihinK 
the  amhulan.e  Compare  t'le  (a  led  out,  cxhauMed  I'urkinje  cells,  indicated  by 
arrows,  with  tl'.e  i'urkinje  leIN  in  .1,  aU  >  in.liial'd  by  arrows. 


MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST    CHART 

ANSI  Oiid   ISO   I'  ST  CHARf   No    i 


1.0 


I.I 


I- 


2.5 
2.2 

2£ 
1.8 


1.25 


1.4 


1.6 


^  /APPLIED  IM/IGE     Inc 

="  •  "j?    Lcisl   Man    sue»l 

r^  jchestei.   Ne«  Y.3rk        U609       USA 

.=.  •  1 6)   482  -  0300  -  Pnone 


Section  ok  Normal  .\|)ri:n\i.  (x  1640) 


n 

Section  of  adrenal  of  soldier  cio-(  rilieii  in  prn cdiuk'  illu-tralion  ('  X  1640).  The  i;eneral 
ilisinleKralion  of  the  cell>,  lo>s  uf  eytuplasm.  mis>hai)en  and  eccentric  nuclei  illus- 
trate the  effect  of  emotion,  exhaustion.  lack  of  slee|).  pain,  infection,  and  trauma. 


0.%*% 


SiCTION    1)1     XiiKMM      I.IVFR    (x    1640) 


Sfctiun  (if  liver  nl  xiMicr  iIi'm  rihcd  in  preci'iliiiK  illu^tratiun  I'X  i<)40).  The  general 
(li^intcijra' i"!'.  "f  the  cells,  the  loss  of  evtoDlasm.  an'l  the  vacuolated  ^oaces  within 
the  cells  illustrate  the  effect  of  emotion,  exhaustion,  lack  of  sleep,  pain,  infection, 
and  -uri;!.  .li  tr.cuni.i. 


rl'ii 


CHAPTER    III 

A    BIOLOGIC    INTERPRETATION    OF    WAR 


;l 


Il     I 


CHAPIKR    III 

A   Bi()L()(;ic    lNri;Ri'RKTATU)N  or  War 
The   Rise  of  Man  through    Struggle 

It  is  throuj^h  the  iortuitous  mating  ot  an  infinite 
number  ol  ancestors,  whose  characteristics  have 
been  transmitted  down  to  the  present  tiaie,  that  tlie 
individual  of  today  has  become  the  product  of  all 
the  past. 

The  path  of  descent  is  the  same  for  civiii/ed 
man,  half-civilized  man,  savage  man,  prehistoric 
man,  and  so  on  down  the  pathwav  through  the 
long  line  of  the  successive  progenitors  of  man,  an 
unbroken  succession  from  the  present  to  the  lowest 
forms  of  life.  Within  himself  every  individual  holds 
the  imperfect  record  of  this  ascent  along  a  crimson 
trail.  We  may  su[)pose  that  eons  ago,  as  a  weaker 
creature,  man's  distant  progenitor  was  driven  by 
powerful  enemies  to  the  trees,  where  his  strategy 
was  further  evolved  and  his  fore-feet  became  hands. 
Cautiously  he  returned  to  the  hostile  ground  of  his 


48       A   M1.LU.\M,>1IC   VILW   ()1     WAk    .\S\)    I'l.AlK 

aiuit'iit  ciicinics  and  ri'>iitm'(l  tlu-  l).itrK'  by  utili/- 
iii^  tlu-  loncs  ol  ii.itiiii'.  lit'  (lisi oviTi'il  tiic,  Ik- 
Idimd  nict.iK,  lu'  ta•^lli()lK•(l  sinipk-  tooU  .md  wiMj)- 
oiis  ;  madr  dii^roLits  :  taimd  animals ;  planrcd  mh-cIs. 
utilizing  Nature  lu'iM-lt  to  .lid  him  in  obtaining 
lood,  shelter,  and  tlothing,  and  in  hccuring  pro- 
tection aj^ainst  his  toes. 

in  the  j^radual  evolution  ot  man  the  ever-[iresenr 
law  ot  continuity  holds.  There  is  no  break  in  the 
path  from  the  orgy  of  the  naked  savage  to  the  sen- 
sual dance  ot  to-day:  from  the  careless  sale  (A  a 
Bushman's  daughter  to  the  hxed  price  of  the  daugh- 
ter ot  .1  living  Croesus;  trom  the  savage  grapple 
with  wild  beasts  to  the  i)resent  grinding  struggle  of 
competition.  I' rom  birth  to  maturity  civilized  man 
is  tossed  upon  the  same  seas  of  passion  and  wrecked 
upon  the  same  rocks  as  those  upon  vshich  the  sim- 
plest tribesman  was  wrecked  eons  ago !  During 
this  great  upward  struggle  man  has  steadily  gained 
greater  control  over  the  torces  of  nature  and  has 
become  more  and  more  completely  adapted  to  his 
environment.  By  the  tundamental  process  ot  a 
physical  contest  with  environment  he  has  made 
the  forces  of  nature  turn  with  "tireless  arms  the 
countless    wheels    of   toil."     Through    breeding    he 


•\    HlOLOfllC   IN'rrRI'RFI  \rin\   oi.    WAR 


49 


has  modified  the  physK.il   tumi  and  thr  textun-  of 

the  tic  'i  ot  iiiaiiv  (lonuMn  .iiiim.il,  ;  he  h.is  t<njiid 
ways  ol  mih/iii|;  the  sun's  energy  ol  milhons  of 
years  whieh  was  stored  in  the  innnense  vegeta- 
tion ol  the  larhoniferous  aji;e  in  the  forni  ol  loal; 
lu  has  harnessed  the  uaterlalls.  With  these  vast 
stores  of  cner-^'y  he  ha-  made  iron  and  steel;  with 
iron  and  steel  he  has  eneirded  the  |;lohe  u'ii  iui^^e 
agencies  of  transportation  that  eoncjuer  time,  spare, 
and  gravity,  and  through  these  ageneies  th-re  are 
brought  to  him  produets  of  every  land.  He  has 
devised  language  and  the  i)rinting  press,  w  jiieh  have 
given  him  a  record  of  the  notable  motor  and  emo- 
tional acts  (W  his  ancestors. 

These  descendants  f)f  the  cave  man  have  cap- 
tured and  domesticated  lightning;  they  have  en- 
slaved the  world  with  a  copper  nervous  system 
which  enables  them  to  activate  the  action  patterns 
of,  and  in  turn  be  activated  by,  hundreds  of  mil- 
lions of  the  human  race.  A  slight  change  in  the 
chemistry  of  a  human  brain  cell  may  wreck  a  bank 
in  India,  Hre  the  first  gun  in  a  great  war,  or  break  a 
woman's  heart.  Such  is  the  web  of  life  man  has 
woven  and  by  means  of  which  he  so  completely 
dominates  the  earth. 


I  ii 


50      A   MECHANISTIC  VIEW  OF  WAR   AND   PEACE 

Pursuing,  escaping,  and  fighting,  the  brute  adap- 
tations have  been  gradually  modified  during  the 
rise  of  man,  until  now  in  the  complicated  machinery 
of  modern  life  the  human  energy  expended  by  the 
savage  in  i)ursuit  rnd  escape  and  fight  is  expended 
in  the  shop,  in  transporting  commodities  on  land 
and  sea,  in  preparing  armaments,  and  in  pursuing 
the  arts  and  sciences. 

The    most    powerful    activator    of    man    to-day, 
therefc  e,    is    his    fellow  man.     He    is    at    war    w  ith 
him    in    business,    in    education,    in    philosophy,    in 
the   fiiiC   arts,   in   the   professions,   in  the   pulpit,   in 
|)()litics,  in  winning  mates!     In  all  his  waking  hours 
and    in    his    dreams    he    exerts    himself   against    his 
fellows.     The  savage  stalks  or  ambushes  his  enemy 
or  his  prey  in  direct  persoiial  effort  and  settles  the 
issue    by    physical    prowess;     civilized    man    stalks, 
ambushes,  and  attacks  indirectly  through  the  media 
of   trade    and    commerce.     The    savage    settled    his 
issue  in  one  physical  bout ;    indirectly  through  the 
organized  community  civilized  man  may  hurl  him- 
self   again-^t    his    rivals    with    every    atom    ot    his 
strength    for   months    and   years,    and   though    this 
civilized  combat  draws  no  blood  and  tears  no  tissue, 
nevertheless    the    indirect    battle    is    waged    to    its 


A    iUOLOC.IC   INTF.Rl'RFrAriON   OF   WAR  51 

finish  in  bankrupt!  y,  want,  siitter--^;.',  broken  hcaltli, 
and  [)rcmaturc  death. 

I  he  leaders  of  pohtical  [)arties,  of  opposing 
churches,  of  industrial  and  commercial  corpora- 
tions, individuals  in  medicine,  law.  education,  liter- 
ature, art,  music,  sports,  even  in  philanthropy, 
daily  wage  these  indirect,  but  no  less  destructive 
contests.  In  the  held  or  in  the  shop  the  individual 
exerts  his  strength  directly  against  his  task,  so  that 
indirectly  the  energy  he  thus  e\[)ends  yields  in 
return  food,  clothing  and  shelter,  and  a  modicum  of 
pleasure  for  him  and  his  family. 

I  bus  in  civilized  life  man  is  hurling  his  energies 
either  directly  or  indirectly  against  his  environment 
to  the  end  that  he  may  live.  From  the  simple 
laborer  to  the  head  of  the  greatest  commercial, 
scientific,  educational,  or  governmental  organiza- 
tion, the  transformation  of  energy  is  made  in  accord- 
ance with  the  same  principle,  by  the  same  organs, 
and  for  the  same  reasons  as  the  transformation  of 
energy  in  uncivilized  man  or  in  the  lower  animals. 

In  the  selective  struggle  for  existence  the  acqui- 
sition of  food  developed  speed,  power,  cunn-ng,  and 
craft  in  all  species,  but  as  the  food  suitable  for  each 
species    is    different,    each    has    developed    special 


52       A   MECHANISTIC  VIFAV  OF   WAR    AND   I'F.ACE 

iictivitics,  and  special  responses  to  lumger.  Man 
labors  long  and  hard  to  this  end,  and  the  j)ossibility 
of  want  is  one  of  his  great  sources  of  fear:  but  a 
critical  analysis  will  show  that  there  is  no  difference 
between  the  orderly  struggle  of  men  to  supply  their 
material  needs  and  the  brutish  attacks  of  the  car- 
nivora  upon  their  prey. 

The  dominant,  constant  intUience  of  the  phylo- 
genetic  response  to  the  instinct  ot  sell-preservation 
as  expressed  in  the  accpiisition  of  food  is  nowhere 
mor^  clearly  evidenced  than  in  the  persistence  of 
the  hunting  instinct  in  man.  By  stealth  and 
strategy  our  progenitors  caught  birds,  animals, 
and  fish.  They  robbed  birds'  nests,  ate  fruits  and 
cereals  and  nuts.  At  some  remote  period  a  savage 
Newton  noted  the  relation  between  the  egg  and  the 
bird,  the  seed  and  the  plant,  and  as  a  result,  like 
the  ants,  man  learned  to  cultivate  and  modify 
plants  and  animals  for  his  own  use.  Some  early 
progenitor  discovered  the  use  of  simjde  weapons 
like  sticks  or  stones  and  learned  how  to  increase 
their  efficiency  by  shaping  them.  And  then  came 
the  greatest  benefactor  the  human  race  has  ever 
known  -  the  unknown  jirogenitor  who  discovered 
how  to  make  and  control  fire  ! 


I  nirii  Hri-lim',  ■    l.if.'  ,,f  Aljimais" 

lni    I'muM.iMiu    Ork  IN  (11    War 


1  IK-  pruu-tliiiii  oi  liimif  .iiiil  laniilj  :iKMiii^t  iiuaaion. 


A    BlOl.OC.lC   INll.RPRLlAllON   Ol    WAR 


•^J 


Even  after  the  discovery  of  these  simple  hut 
efficient  aids  to  their  existence,  however,  tlie  pro- 
genitors of  man  for  a  long  period  (geologic  time) 
must  have  depended  largely  on  hunting  and  hshing. 
That  much  of  the  hunting  and  hshing  of  prehistoric 
man  was  done  h/  si'nilar  means  to  those  employed 
by  the  carnivora  is  shown  hy  children  in  their  in- 
stinctive stalking  of  birds  and  small  animals,  and  by 
the  way  in  which  untaught  boys  instinctively  stalk 
their  game  in  hunting.  How  suggestive  it  is  that 
man,  possessing  vast  fortunes  and  surrounded  by 
every  luxury,  frequently  yearns  to  hunt  and  to  fish, 
to  be  dirty  and  hungry  and  wild,  to  stalk  and  to  kill, 
caring  not  at  all  for  discomfort  or  the  tlight  of  time 
—  that  thus  easily  his  civilized  veneer  may  be  dis- 
possessed by  the  spirit  of  his  savage  hunting  progen- 
itors. It  is  the  savage  recall.  It  is  the  savage  in 
him  that  is  throwing  all  of  his  resources  into  the 
task  of  catching  and  killing  his  prey;  and  when  at 
last  the  salmon  or  the  trout  is  hooked,  what  a  dis- 
play of  excitement  over  the  conquest  !  It  is  as  it 
a  life  were  at  stake. 

This  is  not  strange  when  we  recall  that  on  in- 
numerable occasions  the  life  of  the  fisherman's 
progenitors  must  have  depended  upon  the  catching 


54       A   MLCHAM.sHC   \1LW   i)l-      ,.\R    AND    I'l.ACE 

of  a  single  tisli.  Tlui^o  individuals  who  did  not 
exert  themselves  siilfuient'y  to  provide  food  lor 
themselves  were  themselves  destroyed  1>>'  the  more 
industrious  heasts  and  lett  no  progeny.  The  al- 
most universal  excitement  of  man  in  the  presence 
of  wild  game  testihes  to  the  tragic  seriousness  of 
the  ancestral  hunt.  It  is  indeed  a  strong  and  deep 
savage  instinct  that  can  with  ease  thus  dispossess 
the  brain  of  business,  ambition,  worry,  and  care. 

As  in  hunting,  so  in  i)lay,  the  phylogenetic  brain 
patterns  of  the  species  are  manifest,  the  play  <>f 
each  sjiecies  being  as  characteristic  of  the  whole 
behavior  of  the  sj)ecies  as  is  the  real  lite  work  of 
the  adult  animal.  Thus  hunting  animals  play  at 
tight ;  the  herbivora  at  escape  ;  and  strategists  — 
monkevs  and  man  —  imitate  in  their  games  the 
activities  of  jumting,  fighting,  lo\emaking,  and 
rearing  otifspring.  Flay  is  tiie  expression  ot  energy 
set  tree  during  consciousness,  running  over  the  only 
nerve  paths,  activating  the  only  mechanism  the 
young  animal  possesses.  It  would  be  no  more  pos- 
sible for  a  lamb  to  bite  and  claw  like  a  kitten  than 
for  an  automobile  to  imitate  a  threshing  machine. 
The  play  of  children  shows  their  line  of  descent. 
They  chase  and  escape;    they  "hide  and  go  seek"; 


A    BIOLOCR-   IMKRPRFTATION   OF   \V\R  5:; 

they  lead  And  direct  t<)\'  animals  ;  they  construct 
towers  and  brid^'es  with  blocks;  they  kiss  and 
embrace;    t!if\    "|)ki>'  mother." 

During  the  years  that  j)ass  until  thev  become 
adidts  they  play  games  progressiwly  more  intri- 
cate; but  in  all  periods  ot  lite  games  cons'st  ol 
contest;  of  struggle;  ol  attack  and  defense.  In 
the  playing  of  cards,  chess,  golf,  billiards,  tennis, 
baseball,  football,  the  spirit  of  fight  is  ever  present; 
fight  not  alone  of  the  players,  but  of  the  spectators. 
I  bus  sometimes  we  see  the  strictest  poliee  precau- 
tions against  violence  on  the  part  of  the  spectators 
and  the  players  in  the  close  contests  of  rival  te.ims. 
[■ootball  is  j)erhaps  the  most  satisfying  game  to  the 
full-blooded  youth,  as  this  gives  him  a  savage  grapple 
with  naked  hands  with  his  fellows.  Little  wonder 
that  slugging  is  so  hard  to  repress  ! 

Man  has  shown  his  greatest  ingenuity  in  the 
means  lie  lias  devised  for  harnessing  the  forces  of 
nature  to  provide  his  food  and  shelter  and  clothing, 
and  he  is  as  jealous  of  the  soil  that  [)roduces  his 
food  as  he  is  of  life  itself.  For  an  inch  of  this  soil 
as  an  individual,  and  as  a  tribe,  a  state,  or  a  nation, 
man  is  willing  to  kill  or  be  killed.  Line  (cnca 
(juarrels   are   proverbially   bitter  and   uncom[)roniis- 


56       A   MECHAMSriC  VH.W    (»l    W  \R    WD   I'i  ACK 

in^.  In  the  tioiuicr.  disputes  as  to  ilic  owiui^liip 
of  ai'iiials  otrt'ii  cause  (lUJirels  .iiul  tiauls  totally 
out  ol"  proportion  to  the  niattiial  coiisicleratiouN 
involved,  in  the  early  West  the  minimum  punish- 
ment for  horse  ste.iliu.u;  was  death.  .\11  these  latent 
passions  awakened  1)>  interierence  with  tood-pro- 
ducin^^  rights  ap[)arently  arise  as  a  residt  ot  the 
same  ancient  law  that  e.xpl.iins  the  excitation  ot 
the   hunter. 

In    community    lite,    however,    individual    rivals 
rarely  suhmit  their  cl.iims  tor  ownership  or  suprem- 
acy to  the  test  ol   physic.U  combat,  tor  throuj^h  the 
evolution  ot  law   and  convention  the  distribution  ot 
tood    and    the    furtherance    of    procreation    m:iy    he 
ac'.-omplished    in   orderly   fashion,      m)   elticient   and 
orderly  are  the  means  of  creating,  storing,  and  dis- 
tributing tood  cuul  cl(;thing  th.ai  the  honest  winner 
of  more  than  his  own  share  must  have  either  some 
natural  advantage  or  a  greater  efficiency  than   the 
average  mcUi.     Nevertheless,  the  mere  fact  tliat  one 
individual,  community,  or  nation  has  acquired  more 
than  his  average  share  excites  a  desire  in  those  who 
have  less  to  do  something  to  hinder  or  prevent  this 
material  advantage. 

Manv   civilized    human    beings   are   so   admirably 


A    1J1(»L(K;K-    IMl.Rl'kl'  lAilON  ()V   WAk 


57 


.uhiptcd  to  the  community  life  that  they  are  content 
\sith  their  own  winnings  and  therefore  are  not  jeal- 
ous of  the  greater  uinnin^^s  ot  their  more  l.ivored 
or  their  more  able  fellows;  bu.  m  many  the  reac- 
tions of  the  uncivilized  man  and  the  brute  still  pre- 
vail, and  in  consequence  their  reaction  to  the  supe- 
riority of  a  fellow-being  is  to  desire  by  any  means  to 
drag  him  down  to  their  own  level.  In  like  manner 
all  human  beings  who  achieve  something  that  others 
wish  but  fail  to  accomplish,  awaken  the  brutish  re- 
action of  jealousy  —  and  the  jealous,  like  wolves, 
run  in  packs.  The  effect  on  the  pack  is  the  opposite  ; 
their  time  and  their  les.,er  efficiency  is  consumed  by 
their  futile  effort  to  destroy  a  fellow  whose  greater 
efificiency  is  attested  by  their  sincerest  tribute  — 
the  tribute  of  pack  pursuit.  The  envied  leader  is 
occupied  only  in  cultivating  the  field  he  possesses ; 
w  hile  the  j)ack  endea\  ors  to  destroy  his  preeminence. 
If  a  member  of  the  pack  falters,  he  himself  is  de- 
voured. Jealousy  therefore,  whether  between  in- 
dividuals or  nations,  is  an  instinct  of  phylogenetic 
origin,  and  like  tl;e  hunting  and  the  play  instincts 
is  expressed  by  brutish  and  savage  reactions. 

What    is    the    impelling    force   which    throughout 
phylogeny    has    provoked    this    unending    contest : 


S.'l 


5S       A   MKCIIAMSriC   VIKW   ( »1    WAR    AND   I'LACL 

riu-  natural  iiuTcasc  of  animals  and  plants  is  at 
a  jj;rcatiT  rate  tiia-i  tluir  loocl  sii[)p|y  —  and  in 
consequencf  j)lants  and  animals  have  ever  l)eei^ 
subjected  to  selective  struggles.  It  is  as  a  result 
ot  this  continuous  selective  struggle  that  the  organic 
world  has  attained  its  present  balanced  status. 

Man  a  Mechanism 

l.nder  this  conception  every  reaction  of  man  in 
the  survival  struggle  is  inevitable  and  is  determined 
by  the  forces  employed  in  the  struggle.  It  v\ould 
seem,  therefore,  that  to  properly  understand  the  in- 
evitableness  of  war,  man  should  be  considered  as  a 
mechanism,  whose  reactions  under  a  given  set  of 
conditions  are  as  ine\itable  as  are  the  reactions  of 
any  other  mechanism,  such  as  a  locomotive,  for 
example. 

If  we  assume  that  man  is  a  mrchanism  that  acts 
as  a  machine,  that  is  a  machine  like  a  locomotive  or 
an  automobile,  it  is  necessary  to  defme  the  device 
which  starts  his  activity,  and  which  continues, 
modifies,  and  terminates  that  activity.  If  man  is 
such  a  mechanism,  we  should  be  able  to  show  not 
only  [)hysical  reasons  why  he  moves,  but  why  he 
fails  to  move  as  well,  just  as  there  are  demonstrable 


A    lUoLuCJlC    INTLkl'KI   lAlloN   oP    WAR  5<; 

physical  rcnsons  why  a  locomotive  moves  and  why 
it  fails  to  move,  in  the  case  of  an  engine  the  burn- 
ing of  .1  given  amount  of  coal  produces  a  given 
amount  of  work  in  the  form  ot  heat  and  motion  ; 
in  like  manner  in  man  the  consumption  of  a 
given  amount  of  food  produces  a  given  amount  of 
work. 

We  know  that  the  brain  contains  the  mechanism 
that  drives  the  body;  we  know  that  environment 
drives  the  brain,  and  that  environmental  forces 
reach  the  brain  through  the  mediation  of  the  sense 
organs.  Hut  what  is  the  meclianism  within  the 
brain  by  means  of  which  a  given  stimidus  causes 
different  effects  in  tlifferent  brains  ?  Why  will  one 
man  run  away  and  ai^jther  attack  on  receipt  of 
ideiitical  stimuli  ?  We  postulate  that  there  are  in 
the  brain  of  man  and  of  the  lower  animals  rece{)tor 
mechanisms  analogous  to  the  receptor  mechanism 
in  the  eye,  —  the  rods  and  cones,  —  which  like  the 
apparatus  of  a  wireless  receiving  station  are  attuned 
to  receive  liglit  waves  only  of  specific  wave  lengths, 
i.e.  between  397  and  760  millionths  of  a  millimeter. 

Even  more  delicate  than  the  light-receiving  mech- 
anism of  the  eye,  however,  arc  the  receptor  mech- 
anisms which  we  assume  to  exist  within  the  brain 


6o       A   MKCHAMSnc  \!1.\V  Ol    WAR    AM)   I'l  ACK 


—  intricnte  mechanisms  consistinij;  of  .1  vast  number 
of  parts  or  patterns  each  of  whii  li  has  been  endowed 
by  evolution  witli  the  (piahty  of  bein^  mochficd  by 
each  |)ass,ij4e  ol  speiifu  energy  over  il.  I'.ach  |).is- 
sa^e  of  specihc  encrjj;y  initiated  by  a  ^iveii  stiniii- 
hi>  faiihtates  the  pass.i^e  of  enerj^y  troui  an  ideii- 
tiial  stiinuhis  .it  a  subsecpaiU  time.  As  .1  result 
ol  the  passage  ol  energy  over  i\u  h  <»(  these  pat- 
terns, energy  is  released  for  the  perlormaiue  ol  an 
action  specific  to  the  excitint;  stimulus.  It  is  pos- 
tulated that  thus  are  established  action  ]>atterns 
which  determine  behaxior.  conduct,  and  the  v.irious 
human  reactions. 

In  other  v\<)rds.  we  assume  that  there  exist  within 
the  brain  lertain  structures  which  have  been 
evolved  to  receive  specific  energy  and  to  trans- 
init  that  specific  energy  to  other  mechanisms  in 
the  brain  where  energy  is  stored  in  such  a  labile 
form  that  it  may  readily  be  released  to  pass  over 
certain  nerves.  As  a  result  of  the  passage  of 
energy  over  certain  nerves  certain  groups  of  mus- 
cles are  activated,  and  specific,  adaptive  acts  are 
performed.  Thus  the  soldier  marches,  halts,  aims, 
fires,  fixes  his  bayonet,  charges,  retreats.  If  his 
brain  is  blown  off,  his  mechanism  can  no  longer  l)e 


A    moLOClf    IMKRlMli.lAllON   ()|     WAR 


6 1 


activated  through  the  senses.  1 1  it  were  possible, 
however,  to  stimulate  the  various  nerves  running  to 
the  imisclcs  that  participate  in  a  ^iven  act  hv  an 
electric  ciirient  ot  the  same  intensity  as  the  ciiiient 
of  energy  received  tioin  the  brain,  rhe  headleris 
soldier  would  niarih.  halt,  aim,  lire,  ti\  bayonei, 
charg(  .  retreat  :  and  as  lon.u  as  the  nerve-inuscle 
mechanism  remained  phvsiolo^ic  .dl\  intact  and  the 
electric  current  was  supplieil,  shot  and  shell  could 
not  stop  him. 

We  assume  that  rhe  mechanisms  in  the  brain 
which  determine  the  response  made  bv  an  individual 
to  any  srimulus  have  been  evolved  as  a  result  of  the 
selective  struggle  of  the  hmnan  species. 

If  we  contrast  the  large  central  battery  —  the 
brain— ol  man  uith  the  small  brains  of  lower 
animals,  we  (an  see  one  of  the  mechanical  differ- 
entiations of  man  from  the  lower  animals. 

As  a  result  of  the  multiplicity  of  action  patterns 
evolved  in  the  larger  brain  of  man,  the  body  of  man 
is  driven  in  more  intricate  ways  than  that  of  any 
other  animal.  The  life  of  the  carnivora  as  a  class 
is  divided  between  sleep  and  prowling  for  food  :  of 
the  herbivora,  between  feeding  and  rest  ;  the  sur- 
vival ol  man,  however,  depends  upon  his  versatilitv. 


62       A   MECHANISTIC  XTEVV  OF  WAR   AND   PEACE 

As  compared  with  most  lower  animals  man  is  con- 
tinually on  duty. 

For  this  reason  the  organs  of  man  are  driven  harder 
than  the  organs  of  the  lower  animals,  llow  rarely  do 
we  find  diabetes,  neurasthenia,  insanity,  Bright's  dis- 
ease, draves'  disease,  cardiovascular  disease  among 
wild  animals  or  among  the  quiescent  domesticated 
animals.  The  horse,  whosi  kinetic  sysWm  is  driven 
by  the  kinetic  system  of  man,  who  is  goaded  and 
restrained  by  man.  has  many  of  the  diseases  of  man. 
The  cow,  whose  yield  of  tiesh  and  milk  is  greatest 
when  she  is  best  fed  and  least  disturbed,  is  given  a 
perpetual  rest  cure  by  man,  and  consequently  with 
her  disease  is  comparatively  rare. 

The  actions  of  man  are  the  result  of  adequate 
stirruli,  and  however  indirect  the  stimulus  or  the  re- 
sponse, the  activated  mechanism  and  the  form  of  its 
response  are  of  ancient  phylogenetic  origin  and  have 
been  woven  into  the  web  of  life.  As  a  result  of  pres- 
ent community  life,  of  convention,  of  customs,  and 
of  law,  but  few  of  the  many  excitations  to  combat 
are  met  to-day  by  physical  combat.  In  such  a  case, 
if  the  discharge  of  energy  from  the  stimulated 
action  pattern  is  not  expressed  in  muscular  .ution, 
emotion    results  —  a    state    which    may    be    more 


A    BIOLCXIIC  INIERPRI  TAIION  OF   WAR 


^'3 


dangerous  to  the  individual  even  though  less  so  to 
his  fellow. 

The  destruction  caused  by  excessive  motor  and 
emotional  driving  results  in  various  diseases. 
Against  the  conditions  of  the  stress  of  present-day 
life  that  produces  tiiese  diseases  man  reacts  in  va- 
rious ways.  He  is  driven  to  hunt  and  to  fish,  to  play 
games,  to  ride  horseback,  to  go  to  the  country,  to 
cultivate  literature,  art,  music,  and  the  drama.  AH 
of  these  are  self-preservative  reactions,  achieving 
results  because  they  change  the  integration  —  give 
relief  from  the  usual  driving  stimuli. 

Man  avoids  these  tense  kinetic  fellow-being 
stimuli  by  means  of  unions,  combinations,  trusts, 
protective  laws,  any  artihcial  means  by  which  he 
may  escape  the  heat  of  battle  with  his  fellow >  in 
his  struggle  for  existence.  In  addition,  man  may 
react  to  these  tense  driving  human  stimuli  by  mini- 
mizing the  activity  of  his  motor  mechanism  through 
the  use  of  agents  that  depress  the  activity  of  the 
brain  —  such  as  alcohol,  tobacco,  drugs,  anesthetics : 
and  sometimes  hard  driven  man  may  plunge  into 
oblivion  through  suicide. 

How  then  does  this  apply  to  war  ?  We  shall  offer 
evidence  which  tends  to  show   that  war  is  the  end 


64       A    Ml.Lll\M>riC  VIKW  OF   WAR   AND   I'EACE 

effect  of  the  action  patterns  previously  established 
in  a  people.  Man  is  not  a  stranger  to  fi^ht — the 
oceans  would  not  hold  the  blood  he  has  shed. 
The  carcasses  (jf  his  slain  would  heap  the  earth. 
Probably  the  entire  surface  of  the  earth  has  been 
many  times  slain  in  its  organic  form  by  man,  and 
perhaps  tjic  organic  forms  he  has  slain  in  greatest 
numbers  ha\-    been  tJKjsc  of  his  own  kind. 

Thus  through  the  ages  has  been  established  within 
the  brain  of  man  the  phylogenetic  action  patterns  of 
killing,  ecjualed  in  their  intensity  nijt  even  by  the  phy- 
logenetic action  patterns  of  procreating.  The  action 
patterns  of  killing  are  the  product  not  of  phylogeny 
(species  e.vperience)  alone,  but  of  ontogeny  (individ- 
ual experience)  also.  The  part  played  by  ontogeny 
—  by  parents,  teachers,  literature,  public  opinion, 
and  the  hne  arts  —  will  be  more  fully  discussed  later. 
It  is  sutHcient  to  say  here  that  the  behavior  of  an 
individual  (3r  a  people,  the  dominant  action  patterns 
ot  whose  brains  have  been  formed  by  responses  to 
the  stimuli  of  killing,  will  be  warlike,  and  cannot 
be  otherwise. 

Anim.d  behavior  is  full  of  examples  of  action 
patterns  of  fight.  Among  gregarious  animals  the 
head  of  the  herd  fights  rivals  at  sight  and  to  a  finish. 


A    biologic;    IMKRl'RI.IAllON   Ol-    WAR 


(>s 


Dei)osed  leaders  do  not  tight  each  other.  Mm 
.ind  other  animals  do  not  light  for  nauseating  fo(>d, 
nor  for  the  possessi<Mi  ot  waste  phues.  Human 
fight  is  waged  for  food,  shelter,  and  raiment  ;  and 
for  mates.  Obviously  no  action  patterns  could 
have  been  established  for  a  struggle  lor  poisonous 
food,  for  desert  land,  for  unfit  mates  ;  for  evolution 
rends  onlv  toward  construction,  never  toward  destruc- 
tion, and  evolution  toward  starvation  or  away  irom 
procreation  would  lead  inevitably  to  annihilation. 

In  general  we  may  say  that  physicid  contest  among 
animals  tends  always  toward  the  survival  of  the 
fittest.  Whether  it  is  a  dog  with  a  bone  amidst  a 
p  ick  of  hungry  fellows  ;  a  peoj)le  with  fertile  land  ; 
or  an  individual  possessing  a  surplus  of  desirable 
necessities  cjr  who  has  achieved  success,  —  the  reac- 
tion in  others  expressed  by  a  struggle  for  possession 
is  normal  and  to  be  expected,  unless  it  is  known  that 
the  fortunate  individual  or  people  will  share  his  or 
their  possessions.  The  individual  habitually  shares. 
Nations  rarely  share. 

The  state  has  a  right  to  a  })art  of  the  possessions 
of  the  individual  as  taxes  for  the  benefit  of  all  the 
people.  Where  competition  is  active  the  possessions 
of  one  individual  to-day  may  be  won  by  another  indi- 


66       A   MF.CFIAMSTIC  VIF.W  OF   WAR    AND   I'FACE 

vidiial  to-morrow.  K.uh  individual  hopes  to  come 
into  the  possession  of  surplus  wealth  ;  hut  the  wealth 
of  one  free  nation  never  normally  becomes  the 
property  of  another  free  nation,  excejJt  by  trading 
or  by  force.  One  nation  never  bequeaths  property 
t<^  another  ;  no  nation  has  a  chance  of  inheriting;  the 
property  of  another  nation.  No  free  nation  pays 
another  nation's  taxes,  tiierefore  nations  are  more 
selfish  than  individuals.  In  consequence  there  is 
less  attraction  and  more  antagonism  between  nations 
than  between  individuals. 

The  war  reaction  of  a  people  is  the  final  ex- 
pression of  its  action  patterns ;  their  conduct  is 
natural,  inevitable.  They  are  not  to  be  blamed  ; 
they  need  to  be  understood.  Nations  having  no 
action  patterns  for  war  need  no  praise  for  their 
peace  ;  they  also  need  to  be  understood.  War  and 
peace  can  be  comprehended  only  when  they  are 
considered  as  end  effects  of  action  patterns  estab- 
lished by  phylogeny  and  ontogeny. 


CHAPTER    IV 

A   MECHANISTIC  VIEW   OF    GERMAN 
KULTUR 


CHAPTER   IV 
A  Mechanistic  View  of  German  Kultur 

Germany  to-day  stands  as  an  example  of  the 
inevitableness  ol"  action  patterns.  On  this  eoiicep- 
tion  we  cannot  bhime  her,  but  it  is  essential  that  we 
understand   her. 

Let  us  su{)pose  that  at  this  moment  Canada  con- 
tained a  hostile  poj)ulation  of  one  hundred  and 
seventy-five  million  people,  a  trained  army  ot  Wvc 
million,  and  a  chain  of  forts  along  the  boundary. 
Suppose  that  Mexico  were  a  rich,  cultured,  and  brave 
nation  of  forty  million  wirh  a  deep-rooted  grievance, 
and  an  iron  curtain  at  its  frontier.  Suppose  that 
Cuba  were  the  richest  nation  in  the  world,  and  that 
siie  possessed  and  controlled  one  fifth  of  the  earth's 
surface  and  were  the  undisputed  mistress  of  the  sea. 
Let  us  suppose  further  that  these  conditions  had  ex- 
isted for  forty-four  years,  and  that  during  this  time 
action  patterns  in  the  brains  of  the  children  of  the 
United  States  had  been  formed  and  facilitated  for  the 

69 


70       A    .\11.L11.\M.>I1C'   \11W   OK   WAK    AM)    I'l.ACK 

killing  of  tlif  siiMoiiiulini;  liviK;  tli.it  diiiiti;^  this 
time  the  Uititrd  St.itcs  hatl  KmiikhI  th.it  to  (k'tfiid  it- 
self it  iiuist  have  etruMcru-y  .mil  wealth,  aiul  tii.it  it 
the  lu'ipli-  a^  .1  whole  ueie  to  survive,  they  imi'-t  re- 
iioiime  their  individuality,  must  surrender  themselves 
to  the  state,  to  he  Used  hy  the  state,  hir  the  advantaj^e 
of  the  people  themselves.  The  state  being  in  danger, 
and  the  head  of  the  state  being  responsible,  the  state 
would  strive  to  its  utmost  to  effeet  self-[)reservation. 
The  people  of  the  state  seeing  themselves  as  a  col- 
lective mechanism,  prospering  beyond  their  rivals, 
would  believe  strongly  in  their  system,  and  more 
and  more  would  be  willing  to  surrender  themselves 
to  the  state,  realizing  that  their  individual  labors 
would  be  more  etfective  when  guided  by  the  highest 
talent  of  the  jr:c\  the  supermen,  than  when  guided  hy 
the  medinere  talent  of  the  masses.  They^  woidd 
see  every\vhere  l.iw  .mil  order;  they  would  be  cared 
for  when  sick  and  aged  ;  the  education  and  train- 
ing of  the  masses  would  be  fostered  :  their  nation 
would  each  year  become  more  secure  in  wealth,  in 
mass  efficiency,  in  armament,  in  science,  in  security 
of  life. 

In  nature  such  a  system  as  this  is  well  known  and 
iQ  ennnllv  efifirient.      it  is  the  svstern  of  ant  colonies, 


A   Ml(  IIWMIC   \ll\\    (»|    (.IKMW    kl  1  M  R       71 

in  \\lii(h  The  in<li\  idii.il  :mt  li;i^  hccii  r\()l\((|  lo  re- 
ixiiiiuf  Its  iiuliv  idii.il  ?c.uti(in  toi  the  i^ood  ot  ilif 
colony,  iind  idiini,iti'l\  loi  tin- i^ood  <il  the  i?idiv  idii.d. 
This  is  tlu'  ktiltur  ot  the  .Hit  ^  .ind  ,111  I'tlii  iont  sys- 
tem it  is,  since  tin'  ant  next  to  ni.m  tiiost  completely 
dominates  the  earth. 

is  this  .1  laniilul  conception  r  It  represents  the 
f)ositioii  of  (ierm;in\  during  the  past  tort\-loui  years 
and  now,  tor  (lerman  k'li/liir  has  been  made  possihit' 
onl}  by  the  powertui  rivals  whiih  snrroinid  her.  It 
was  ob\i(iiis|y  against  this  stead\'  hostile  biee/e 
that  the  rulinj^  class  of  (Jermany  tlew  its  military 
kite,  .md  transformed  the  action  patterns  of  the 
brains  of  sixty  million  people  into  those  of  rennn- 
ci.ition  ol  individualism,  and  the  acceptance  of 
collectivism.  This  is  obviously  a  Ku/tur,  but  can 
man  be  made  to  respond  to  thi>  Kullur  in  the  absence 
of  powerful,  threatening  neighbors  .^  Has  the  mech- 
anism ot  the  kultiir  elements  of  danger  to  itself.'' 

In  the  presence  ot  a  common  danger,  or  a  danger 
commonly  believed  to  exist,  a  danger  that  threatens 
destruction,  men  and  animals  react  along  purely 
self-preservative  lines.  It  is  only  a  real  danger  th.it 
has  transformed  the  Cierman  individual  into  a  state 
machine,   has  given   him  the   "t-i   ist  verboten"   re- 


72     A  m;aii.\m..iil  \\]\\  f>r  war  amm'I.acl 

action.  On  this  conception  tlu-  ;i  'ion  p.-ttiiiT^  and 
the  behavior  ot  the  (itiinan  seeni  n.itiii.il  and  ex- 
pected. His  dominant  action  patterns  are  lor  kill- 
ing and  eoncjuerin^  hi^  hostile  neighbors  and  pre- 
serving  himsilt. 

I  hat  the  hi\e  uid  eolon}/  reaction  is  not  an  evolved 
instinit  with  the  (lerinan.  l)ut  that  it  is  a  production 
ol  his  ontogeny  rather  than  ol  phylogeny,  is  shown  by 
the  tait  that  the  (liihh'en  ot  the  inilhon  or  more 
(lerman  immi.urants  in  America  are  as  indixithial  as 
are  tiu'  Americans  ot  other  stocks.  Thex-  dishke  vrr- 
holru  and  wish  to  work  h)r  tlieinsclv  es.  The  war 
adaptation  ot  Curmany  is  seen  in  the  chiels  anions 
officers  and  stiukaits;  in  the  unih)rm  customs  .md 
manners  of  the  Cjerman  people;  m  their  respect  tor 
authority  in  all  walks  of  life  —  in  industry,  m  science, 
in  amusements :  it  is  seen  in  the  absence  ot  national 
sports,  sports  bein^^  representations  of  hght.  (fcir 
is  the  sport  of  the  German. 

There  is  ample  evidence  to  show  that  whether  tor 
good  or  ill  the  CJerman  has  reached  a  new  adapta- 
tion, at  least  an  adaptation  new  to  the  present  cycle 
of  history.  Perhaps  in  bygone  days  this  may  have 
been  a  common  adaptation,  but  it  could  be  made 
only  in  the  presence  of  strong  enemies. 


A    MFCIIAMSriC   \I1  W   oi    <ilK\l\.\    KIl.HR       7? 

The  ultmi.itc-  l.itr  oi  till-  (Jerman  Kultitr  may 
tliiii  hi'  loic^nn  l)V  viitiii- lit  its  sheer  clHcieniy  It 
has  rfaihc-cl  tlu-  pnmt  .it  whiih  it  kcK  it-i-lt  (.(,iial 
ti)  making  a  (oiKiuist  nl  the'  wt.ild,  and,  hkc  thi- 
Athiiiians,  t(.  ciilort. inj;  its  system  on  a  suhjuKated 
uoikl. 

Treitschkc  and  Nict/schc  ha\f  i-voKtd  ,m  altru- 
ism based  on  force,  as  against  the  .ilnuiMU  ol  Christ 
based  on  simple  justiie.  (lerman\  in  arms  to- 
(Uiy  is  Niet/sche's  |)hini>o|)h\ .  Its  adv.intages  are 
starthnglv  ob\ioUs.  l)Ut  are  its  loiindations  st-eiirc  ' 
(  iermanv  uill  ultimately  (.oiujuer  oi  be  eoiuiuiied. 
it  sju'  is  conciiiered.  her  people  will  heliexe  that  there 
is  a  tlaw  in  the  premises  and  think  their  saerifue 
was  in  \ain.  Should  (iermany  win  and  should  sja- 
concjuer  the  woild,  then  she  would  lack  the  tunda- 
mental  moti\e  force  which  created  Kultiir,  —  her 
hostile  neighbors.  She  would  be  .1  kite  without  a 
breeze,  a  cancer  that  has  killed  the  body  on  which  it 
ted. 

The  individual  .Ally  begins  by  assuming  the  right 
of  the  individual  :  the  German  begins  by  renouncing 
the  right  of  the  individual  and  recognizes  only  the 
right    of  the    state.      Fhe    Cierman    looks    up(jn    the 


74       A   MKCHANISTIC  VIEW  OF  WAR   AND   PEACE 

only  the  rights  of  brick  ;ni(l  mortar.  It  is  the  duty 
of  the  in(Uvidual  to  surreiuk-r  his  iiidividuahty  ;  of 
the  superman  to  build  without  loss  or  obhgation. 
In  this  sense  to  (Jermany  the  invasion  of  Belgium  is 
justihed,  because  its  purpose  was  to  further  the  cause 
of  Kultnr.  The  individual  citizen  of  Belgium  and 
the  State  of  Belgium  are  isolated  phenomena,  while 
Kultur  is  a  biologic  principle.  As  Nietzsche  puts  it, 
the  strong  should  feed  on  the  weak  and  crush  them 
when  needed.  Tlu'  individualist  opposes  these  viewb. 
Therefore  the  individualist  and  the  Kulturist  esti- 
mate the  invasion  .,,id  the  crushing  of  Belgium 
from  opposite  points  of  view  —  each  being  equally 
sincere  in  his  judgment. 

After  all,  morals  are  only  expressions  of  biologic 
states,  only  results  of  action  patterns ;  and  what 
are  good  morals  from  the  standpoint  of  a  wolf, 
are  bad  morals  from  the  standjioint  of  a  sheep. 

But  again  the  (paction  rises  :  Can  a  people  througii 
force  be  given  action  patterns  against  their  will  ? 
Rome  never  succeeded  in  Romanizing  tiie  world. 
Rome  tried  to  subjugate  Belgium  ;  Belgiimi  is 
here  —  Rome  has  passed.  Napoleon  faile'. ;  the 
Moors  failed  :  I'.ngland  never  assimilated  the  Irish 
nor  the  Scotch  ;    Russia  the  Poles ;   nor  the  Manchus 


A   MECHANISTIC  VIEW  OF  GERMAN   Kl'LTUR      75 

the  Chinese.  England  has  learned  by  a  large  ex- 
perience over  a  considerable  period  of  time  that 
subject  races  cannot  be  altered  by  force.  Germany 
has  not  succeeded  in  extending  her  doctrine  of  cen- 
tralized force  into  lier  colonies.  I'orce  creates  action 
[)atterns  in  opposition  to,  not  in  consonance  with, 
that  force.  A  people  may  be  brutalized  into  formal 
submission ;  but  brutal  treatment  results  in  creat- 
ing in  the  brains  of  the  children  the  strongest  action 
patterns  of  opposition  and  of  hatred.  The  con- 
(jueriiig  enemy  can  never  supplant  the  influence 
of  the  hating  mother  who  plants  action  patterns 
in  the  brains  of  her  children  when  the  shades  are 
drawn. 


CHAPTER    V 

A  MECHANISTIC  VIEW  OF   THE  VIVISEC- 
TION 0^'   BELGIUM 


CHAPTER  V 

A    Mechanistic    View    of    the    Vivisection    of 

Belgium 

AccoRDi.Nc  to  the  bias  of  the  speaker  or  writer 
the  vivisection  of  Belgium  by  the  German  army 
must  be  considered  as  necessary  strategy  or  inex- 
cusable atrocity,  it  is  n(Jt  my  purp(jse  here,  how- 
ever, to  discuss  from  any  viewpoint  the  ethics  of 
this  forceful  invasion,  but  rather  dispassionately 
to  analyze  in  scientific  terms  its  effect  upon  the 
Belgian  people  themselves. 

Cierman  strategy  required  the  submission  of  Bel- 
gium. Whether  right  or  wrong,  the  purpose  of 
Germany  was  to  strike  down  the  arm.ed  and  the 
unarmed  resistance  of  Belgium  with  massive  and 
overvvhelming  force.  To  accomplish  this  it  was 
necessary,  first,  to  defeat  the  Belgian  army  ;  and 
second,  to  terrorize  and  subjugate  the  whole  people 
so  that  both  physical  and  moral  resistance  would 
be  impossible. 

Never  in  contact  with  animal  life  is  man  as  cruel 

as    when    he    is    m    dt'Strurf !Vf>    ro.mhnf    vv'tl:    hie    twKn 

79 


8o      A   MECri.WISTIC  \IE\V  OK   WAR   AND   PEACE 

kind.     Though    milMons    of    domestic    animals    are 
killed    annually,    rh.-    death    of    each    is    relatively 
instantaneous:     though    hosts   of    uild    animals    are 
hunted,   they  are,  as  -   rule,   either  killed   instanta- 
neously or.   il"  captured,  are    aINmed    to    live  in    an 
environment     approximating    their    native    haunts. 
Though  thousands  of  animals  are  used  in  medical  re- 
search,  their  sufferings   are   relieved   hy   anesthesia. 
Moreover,  in  all  these  injuries  inHicted  upon  animals 
by  man,  emotion  plays  a  relatively  unimportant  part, 
and  the  effects  of  emotion  may  be  greater  and  more 
far-reaching   than    the    effects   of   physical    violence 
alone.    W  hen  a  herd  of  animals  is  dispersed,  they  may 
easdy  adapt  themselves  to  a  new  environment,  for 
neither  the  old  nor  the  new  has  been  of  their  own  crea- 
tion.    On  the  other  hand,  when  a  nation  of  men  is  dis- 
persed they  leave  behind  the  complicated  r-achinery 
ot  civilization   in  whose  creation  each  has  borne  a 
part,  and  by  means  of  which  the  living  of  each  is 
secured.      For    them    no    new    pastures    wait    with 
ready-made    sustenance,     but    instead    they     must 
create  a  new  web  of  life  through  which  alone  they 
may  wrest  from  the  soil  their  daily  bread.     There- 
fore  for   man,   with   his   many   reactions     with    his 
complicated    emotions.    \\\rh    lijs    intriirite    v-^K    .--.f 


If? '^%  ^.-.s^  • 

./ 


/? 


StxTiDN  OF  Normal  L'lRibhi.i.i  M      ShcrioN    ok    ChRKiUiiAM    Shonmnj; 
^^X  310)  Kkfkct     of     Extreme     Kmotion 

(Frk;hi)  (X  J 10) 


nil.   MM^lXllON   Ul    Hl.U.lLM 


8i 


life,  there  are  vast  possibilities  for  crushing  moral 
injuries  whose  effects  are  more  ilestructive  than 
the  effects  of  |)hysical  injuries  alone. 

Let  us  consider  what  would  he  the  expected  result 
of  the  intense  psychic  and  physical  activations 
intlicred  upon  the  Hel^ians  in  the  lii;ht  ot  labora- 
tory findin|j;s,  bearing  in  mind,  however,  that  in 
no  laboratory  has  the  activation  of  animals  been 
carried  to  nuiIi  an  extreme,  or  has  such  >uttering 
been  inflicted  as  in  the  vivisection  of  iU'lgium. 

As  we  have  alread\-  stated,  the  body  of  man  is 
driven  by  his  brain,  which  in  turn  is  tlri\en  by 
stimuli  received  from  the  environment  through 
the  sense  organs.  As  a  result  of  the  transinission 
of  these  stimuli  to  the  brain,  a  certain  j)ortion  of 
the  energy  stored  in  the  brain  is  transformed,  and 
either  muscular  action  or  s(tmc  chemical  change  re- 
sults, the  muscular  action  being  tor  flight,  hght,  the 
acquisition  of  food,  or  pr(^)creation  ;  the  chemical 
reaction  for  the  maintenance  of  the  chemical  purity 
of  the  body. 

These  final  responses  are  made  possible  by  the 
system  of  organs  which  constitutes  the  kinetic 
system,  —  the  brain,  the  adrenals,  the  liver,  the 
thyroid,  and  the  muscles.     In  ni}   laboratory  it  has 


82       A    \I1A  HANIS'IK'   Mi  W  ()|    WAR    AND   PKACE 

been  shown  rh:it  :is  .1  result  «>(  ctnotion  —  fear  or 
nnm-r,  pliysii.il  iiijni\.  fXiTtion,  .is  well  ;is  of  many 
otIuT  kinds  ot  ;uti\  ition,  physical  changes  are 
prodiui'd  in  these  organs  and  the  nonn.d  [K>tential 
alkalinity  of  the  body  is  diminislud.  Clinical  ob- 
servations as  well  as  the  examination  of  the  organs 
ol  |)atieiits  who  have  died  from  \arious  causes 
(lrnion>tratc  clearly  that  in  hutn.in  beings  as  in 
animal-  insomnia,  physical  injury,  physical  exer- 
tion, lear,  anger,  grief,  homesickness  —  any  intense 
emotion  —  produce  physical  lesions  in  the  organs 
of  the  kinetic  system. 

When  the  brain  is  overw  hehniiiglv  stiiniilatt-d 
many  brain  cells  are  permanentiv  destroyed.  At 
birth  man  has  several  millions  of  brain  cells,  but 
if  a  brain  cell  is  destroyed  it  is  not  replaced. 
Therefore  every  overwhelming  activation  bv  jilivs- 
ical  or  psychic  stimidi  results  in  the  permanent 
loss  of  a  certain  number  of  brain  cells.  The  whole 
structure  of  the  brain  is  altered  .ind  the  action 
patterns  formed  by  the  environmental  relations  of 
a  lifetime  are  changed  so  that  normal  reactions 
can  no  longer  be  expressed.  In  other  words,  the 
individual  becomes  permanently  impaired.  The 
woman    who    has    seen    her    husband    assaulted    or 


/ 

Si  I  I  Ion  ok  Normm     \i>kism 
(X  1640) 


B 

SlClloV    Oh      \llKIN\l      ShoUIM;    Kf- 
l-HI         llK        l.MKINU.         I.MOIIUN 

l.l-Kii.iir)   (X  1640J 


THE   VIVISFCTin\  ()|     iihU.lLM 


83 


killed,  who  has  seen  lu  1  limiu  burned,  who  has  seen 
her  d.iu^hter  outraged,  who  has  seen  her  children 
starving,  is  herself  permanently  modilied  ;  she  may 
become  neurasthenic,  dcpussid.  morose,  sleepless, 
even  insane.  ,iiui  in  any  case  her  mechanism  suffers 
a  permanent  injury. 

Because  of  the  relation  between  the  brain  and 
the  other  org.ins  in  the  kinetic  system,  prolonged 
emotional  stimulation  results  in  buch  a  steady 
activation  of  these  organs  —  especially  of  the 
liver,  the  adrciuls.  and  the  thyroid,  that  one  or 
anotlicT  <p|  tlain  yields  under  the  "Strain  ;ind  one  or 
another  disease  is  established.  These  farts  make 
it  possible  for  us  to  uiulerst.ind  what  must  have 
been  the  immediate  resulf  and  ro  predict  the  re- 
mote ettect  ot  the  overwhelming  activations  which 
were  forced  upon  the  Belgians. 

The  kinetic  systems  of  the  Belgians  were  activated 
by  both  contact  and  distance  ceptor  stimuli.  Their 
contact  ceptors  were  stimulated  by  bullets,  by  bay- 
onets and  by  physical  assault.  Their  distance  cep- 
tors were  stimulated  by  threatening  aircraft,  by 
charging  Uhlans,  by  the  shooting  and  torfire  of  rela- 
tives and  friends  ;  by  the  confiscation  of  their  pos- 
sessions ;     by    the    separation   of  families ;     by    the 


84       A  MECHANISTIC   VIEW  OF  WAR   AND   PEACE 

destruction  of  their  treasures,  their  art,  their  htera- 
ture,  and  their  institutions  of  learning.  As  this  stimu- 
lation was  continuous,  the  kinetic  systems  of  the  Bel- 
gians could  not  he  restored  by  adequate  sleep.  Later, 
when  they  were  driven  out  ot  their  homes,  there 
was  added  the  activation  ol  constant  homesickness. 
Millions  of  individuals  were  subjected  to  this 
vivisection,  while  our  experiments  upon  animah 
have  been  limited  to  a  few  hundred.  The  activa- 
tion of  the  Belgians  was  continued  day  and  night 
for  weeks  and  months,  in  fact  will  continue  for 
years,  while  our  experiments  on  animals  last  but  a 
few  hours.  The  subjects  of  our  c.\[)eriments  have 
onlv  a  few  simple  mechani.r;s.  The  Belgians  have 
the  vast  human  endowment  of  a  highly-developed 
brain.  Anim.als  used  in  medical  research  are 
anesthetized  and  the  jieriod  of  their  activation 
is  promptly  ended  by  death  under  anesthesia. 
The  vast  majority  of  the  Belgian  people  were  denied 
the  solace  of  painless  death,  and  only  the  surcease 
which  comes  from  exhaustion  could  diminish  their 
suffering.  It  should  be  remembered  also  that  in 
this  human  experiment  performed  by  ruthless  op- 
erators in  a  country-wide  laboratory,  each  indi- 
vidual was  subjected  to  many  —  sonie  to  all  —  of 


StCTlON    (IK    \llKM\l.    I.ULK 

(X  1040; 


ShCllON     (IK     l.l\M<     Sll.i\K|\(.     1    Mill" 
OK      Km  KI  mi        I.\I(II  IiiN      ■  I   Kli.ll  I  ) 

(.X  1640; 


rnK  \i\i>i:;cii()\  OF  iit:Lc;iLM 


the  foregoing  activations,  v  bile  in  our  laboratories 
eacb  animal  is  subjected  to  but  one  form  of  activation. 
If  our  conclusions  are  correct,  then  the  first  effect 
of  these  stimuli  upon  the  human  organism  would 
be  a  mobilization  of  the  energizing  secretions  and 
of  the  energizing  chemical  stores  in  the  activating 
glands  of  their  bodies.  —  hyperchromatism  of  the 
brain  cells ;  increased  circulation  of  blood  in  the 
thyroid  gland  and  increased  output  of  thyreoiodin  ; 
an  increased  output  of  adrenalin  ;  and  an  increased 
output  of  glycogen  by  the  liver.  As  a  consequence 
of  this  mobilization  of  the  forces  within  the  body, 
which  we  have  compared  to  the  mobilization  of 
the  military  forces  of  a  nation,  the  body  would 
attain  its  maximum  strength  for  fight  or  flight. 
As  a  result  of  the  supreme  effort  of  flight  or  fight, 
or  its  equivalent  in  emotion,  the  alkalinity  of  the 
body  fluids  would  be  diminished  and  this  increased 
acidity  of  the  body  would  j^roduce  ra[)id  respiration, 
rapid  pulse,  increased  urinary  output,  and  sweating. 
Cases  of  sudden  heart  failure  would  result  from  the 
increased  blood  pressure  caused  by  the  increased 
adrenalin  output :  and  increased  adrenalin  output 
and  acidity  would  cause  many  cases  of  miscarriage. 
In  the  integration  for  fight  or  flight  the  digestive 


86      A   MECHANISTIC  VIEW  OF  WAR   AND   I'EACE 


proco'^sL's  would  be  inhibited,  and  among  both  the 
iminodiate  and  Liter  results  of  this  inhibition  would 
be  autointoxication  and  indigestion.  Individuals 
having  Bright's  disease  would  be  expected  to  show 
an  increase  of  symptoms  or  would  be  driven  to 
immediate  renal  failure,  coma,  and  dea'h.  Indi- 
viduals with  cardiovascular  disease  would  be  in 
danger  of  immediate  death  from  apoplexy. 

As  a  re'.^.i't  of  the  intensity  of  the  activation  the 
action  patterns  of  the  brain  would  be  wholly  dis- 
arranged. The  normal  action  patterns  of  the  peace- 
ful routine  of  family,  social,  and  vocational  relations, 
heret<)fore  balanced  and  even,  would  of  necessity 
be  dispossessed  by  the  intense  stimulation  of  the 
action  patterns  of  fight  or  tlight. 

Since  activation  causes  a  lowering  of  the  brain 
thresholds  to  stimuli,  neurasthenia  would  result 
in  some  cases ;  overwhelming  stimulation  might 
cause  a  disastrous  facilitation  of  response,  and 
insanity  would  result  ;  rupture  of  blood  vessels 
in  the  brain  would  cause  paralysis;  and  the  de- 
struction of  a  great  number  of  brain  cells  as  a  result 
of  exhaustion  would  result  in  permanent  loss  of 
efficiency.  The  increased  acidity  would  activate 
the    respiratory    center,    cause    excessive    sweating 


^     * 


2. 


TllL   VlVl.^hCnON   UK    IU,I.(;il  \1 


87 


and  rapid  heart  action,  and  would  activate  the  hver. 
In  addition  acidity  would  inhibit  the  activity  ot 
the  cerebral  cortex  and  thus  mental  and  muscular 
power  would  be  diminished. 

One  would  expect  the  early  death  of  those  whose 
margins  of  safety  were  slender,  —  the  aged  and 
those  having  chronic  diseases.  As  a  result  ot  the 
excessive  transformation  of  energy  and  the  want  of 
rest  and  sleej)  one  would  expect  loss  in  weight,  and 
as  in  cases  of  (iraves'  disease,  in  which  the  kinetic 
svstem  is  subject  to  ;j  'ontinuous  excessive  activa- 
tion, one  would  expect  the  Belgians  to  live  years  in 
months,  and  in  consecjuence  by  so  mu(h  to  cut  off 
the  total  number  of  expected  years  ot  life. 

That  we  have  not  exaggerated  what  the  protocols 
of  this  vast  experiment  would  lead  us  to  expect  is 
proved  by  the  evidence  of  many  observers.  There 
have  been  many  sudden  deaths ;  many  cases  of 
insomnia  ;  of  neurasthenia  ;  of  prostration  ;  of 
lost  spirit  and  impaired  efficiency ;  and  generally 
a  los^  of  ho{)e  and  ambition.  There  has  been  an 
average  loss  of  from  six  to  ten  pounds  in  weight. 
Many  Belgians  we?e  found  dead  in  their  beds  with- 
out external  injuries,  and  many  died  after  a  brief 
illness.     (A  number  of  cases  of  apoplexy  were  seen.) 


sx 


\    \nClIAM>TIC    VILW    OF   WAR   AND   I'l.ACP: 


Children  wen-  priMii.ituri'ly  horn  on  the  ^trocts,  in 
railway  stations,  or  on  trains.  I  lure  have  ahcacly 
l)ccn  inany  suicides  —  ainong  i  hiUhcn  as  well  as 
among  adults  ;  and  children  as  well  as  adults  ha\e 
become  insane. 

It  is  to  he  expected  that  these  conditions  will 
continue  and  i)rogress,  and  that  there  will  he  an 
increasing  number  of  cases  of  Hrighr's  disease  and 
apoplexy.  The  posthumous  children  ha\e  been 
robbed  of  their  birthrighl  of  healthy  bodies  and 
stable  nervous  systems.  The  little  children  whose 
action  patterns  had  not  been  formed  are  the  only 
ones  wh(j  may  be.ir  their  rude  transplantation 
without  Ujss  of  mental  or  |)hysital  efficiencv.  The 
Belgian  exiles  whom  I  ha\e  seen  '■how  a  loss  in  mo- 
rale :  they  are  preoccupied,  absent-minded,  diseased, 
homesick,  weak,  dejected,  bitter,  and  broken.  They 
have  suffered  a  permanent  loss  which  i-  beyond 
compensation  and  beyond  redemption.  Thus  mil- 
lions of  men,  women,  children,  and  unborn  infants 
have  been  subjected  to  a  vivisection  of  unparalleled 
cruelty  unsurpassed  in  the  history  of  man  or  of  the 
lower  animals.  It  is  as  if  upon  Belgium  as  a  whole, 
every  degree  of  physical,  mental  and  moral  torture 
had  been  inflicted  zvithout  anesthesia.     In  fact,  in  the 


y      if 


^    i; 


THE  VlVISECl  K  »\  ol     HI-.lAiU  M 


89 


present   coiulitioii    of  ;iu'    Belgian   exiles   their    |)r()- 
gressive  iiKtr.il  \  iviseetioii  still  eontiiuies. 

M.uin^  interpreted  the  Uel^ian  phenomena  fr(-.ii 
.1  lneehani^tie  \u\\  |)()int,  \shat  does  the  nieehan- 
istie  \ie\\i)()int  su^^est  lor  the  tutiiie  ol  the  Bel- 
gians.' Although  the  Belgian  dead  eannot  be 
resurrected,  altlmugh  the  lost  hrain  cells  eannot  he 
rei)laeed  ;  although  the  damaged  organs  eannot 
be  restored  :  although  the  loundation->  oT  health  are 
permanently  weakened,  —  a  meehanistic  viewpoint 
would  suggest  the  mediation  of  the  lurther  progress 
ol  physical  and  moral  destruction  by  repairing  the 
homes  and  tortunes  of  these  exiles,  by  reuniting 
their  families,  by  giving  them  means  for  reestab- 
lisjiing  their  universities,  and  b\  so  changing  the  en- 
vironmental mold  —  so  altering  the  web  of  lile  — 
tha^  their  further  vivisection  wou'd  be  diminished. 


r~7«^ 


CHAPrKR    VI 


EVOLUTION    rOWARD   PEACE 


CHAPTER   VI 


Evolution  toward  Pface 

Great  disasters  lift  for  a  moment  the  veil  drawn 
by  peai.  and  prosperity  over  the  dangerous  elements, 
ever  present  not  only  in  the  environment  ot  man  but 
id  his  own  nature  as  well.  Occasional  rumblings 
within  Vesuvius  ma\  ^\arn  a  few  of  t!ie  dwellers  upon 
the  mountain  side  of  the  daii.t^erous  forces  beneath 
them;  but  bv  the  multitude  warnings  are  disre- 
garded until  the  mount. tin  discloses  its  nature  by  an 
overwhelming;  eruption..  So,  in  times  ot  peace  man 
disregards  tlie  threatening  evidences  ot  his  true 
nature  which  .ire  ever-manifest  in  daily  jealousies 
and  competitions  .uul  ii'  petty  wars,  and  not  till 
the  full  horror  of  a  mighty  conflict  is  ui)on  him 
does  he  reali/e  the  power  of  his  own  tiglit-lusttul 
nature.  Now  th.it  a  great  war  once  again  has  drawn 
the  veil,  it  is  i)ossible,  if  we  are  able  to  make  a  final 
analysis  of  what  is  disclosed,  that  we  may  discover 
the  manner  in  which  those  very  forces  which  made 

93 


94       A   MKCHAMSTIC  \IK\V  OF   WAR    AND    PEACE 

this  war  possible'  and  inevitable  may  be  utili/ed 
to  strengthen  the  bonds  of  peace,  just  as  natural 
elements  onee  feared,  e\en  worshiped,  beeause  of 
their  menaee  to  man's  safety,  are  now  made  sub- 
servient to  his  welfare. 

As  a  result  ot  his  mastery  over  the  forces  of  tiature 
man  exacts  from  the  earth  a  livinii;  and  a  surplus. 
Having  an  excess  of  food,  shelter,  and  clothing  he 
no  longer  practices  infanticide,  but  for  no  better 
reason.  Having  an  excess  of  food,  shelter,  <uid  cloth- 
ing, having  established  law  and  order  and  conven- 
tions ;  woman,  the  race  breeder,  the  ancient  culti- 
vator ot  the  fields :  woman,  the  property  of  hunting, 
hghting  man,  has  gone  to  school,  and  has  begun  to 
assist  in  the  management  of  the  new  machinery 
of  civilization. 

When  the  ncn-elty  of  this  new  estate  shall  have 
worn  oH,  perhaps  man  and  woman  together  will 
solve  the  [)roblems  of  the  pro[)agation  and  the  care 
ot  the  human  race  as  intelligently  and  as  practically 
as  they  have  worked  out  the  problem  of  the  propaga- 
tion and  the  care  of  rtieir  domestic  animals.  It  may 
be  that  woman's  etfoi  r  to  secure  the  franchise  is  but 
the  surta.ce  indication  ot  a  great  biologic  movement 
—  one  that  wcMiien  themselves  do  not   fully  under- 


l-\()Ll   HON     lOWAkU    I'KACK 


95 


stand  any  m(jrc  than  the  chick  strugghng  out  of  its 
shell  understands  that  it  is  in  the  process  ot  being 

born. 

Perhaps  the  present  feminist  agitation  will  bring 
a  favorable  change  in  human  destiny.  When  we 
consider  that  woman  was  evolved  to  preserve,  to 
[)erpetuate  the  sj)ecies  ;  that  in  the  cour^  •  ot  that 
evolution  she  developed  altruistic  traits  —  traits 
which  are  the  logical  results  of  iier  care  tor  her 
children  —  it  would  seem  that  there  must  now 
also  be  evo'ved  within  her  a  great  fundamental 
reaction  against  the  harshness  ol  man.  This 
harshness,  this  i)ugnacity,  this  greed  for  killing, 
was  i)ut  into  man  through  evolution,  and  it  can- 
not be  mitigated  save  through  turther  evolution. 
Perhaps  one  of  the  intluences  in  this  further  evolu- 
tion wdl  be  woman  s  natural  reaction  against  need- 
less violence. 

Whatever  the  future  may  bring,  however,  man 
to-day  betrays  at  every  turn  that  he  is  in  reality  a 
red-handed  glutton  whose  phylogenetic  action  pat- 
terns are  tacilitated  tor  the  kiUing  of  ins  own  and 
of  other  species  ;  that  with  all  of  his  benehcent  control 
of  the  torces  of  nature,  he  has  created  also  vast  forces 
for  his  own  destruction,  so  vast  that  civilized  man 


r/. 


\    MICIIANKTIC   \'ir.\V   Ol     WAR    AND    I'l' ACK 


is  to-da_\  in  a  death  ^triii^^lc  with  the  Frankenstein 
()[  his  own  ereation  :  that,  although  he  control^  a 
\\(jrld  (»t  hinirless  toree  and  endless  nuuhiner),  he 
\et  tails  t(»  control  that  all-important  ineehanisrn 
—  hinisclt.  Can  thi^  apinial.  bloodthirstv  b\  nature 
and  trainin;^,  who  |)rotliues  and  kills  million^  i>\ 
animals  ycarls  and  who  kills  at  intervals  lunulred> 
ot  thousands  ot  his  tellow-inen  —  ean  h.e  he  so  niodi- 
tied  as  to  live  in  ri'iativt'  i)eaee  '  Can  man  in  the 
possession  of  i..e|)owert()  ireate,  minimize  his  tend- 
ency tow  arils  selt-destruetion  r 

\  sugj^estion  as  to  how  this  may  be  done  is  seen 
in  the  metln^d  by  which  the  killing  reactions  are 
diminished  in  other  lighting  anim.ils  -  animals 
evoKed  to  be  lite  destnjyers  even  more  than  man. 
l-Or  example,  the  action  jiatterns  ot  the  dog,  the 
preservation  of  whose  ancestors  depended  on  their 
killing  other  animals,  ha\e  been  so  moditied  by  man 
that  now  rhe  peace  element  in  his  action  patterns 
has  been  augmented  and  his  killing  patterns  dimiri- 
ished.  Ihus  throi.^di  breeding  and  through  train- 
nig  has  the  br.iin  ol  the  dog  been  snoditied.  if 
the  dog,  whose  reactions  aie  in  utnijiarison  to  tlKJse 
ot  man  so  tew,  whose  brain  has  iu)t  aiapiired  through 
phylogeny    t'acilitared    paths    <j1    action    for    mutual 


TAUl.t   HON     loWARD    l"l-  M  K 


97 


liflp,  cvi'ii  lor  herd  cxistciuf,  il  ilic  imrh.ini-m 
ot  the  dot;  h,i^  hfon  so  sinccsstulh  iivuliticd  by  man. 
what  hniii  can  he  ^et  to  the  niodituation  ol  the 
aetioii  patterns  ot  man  by  cdiuation  and  trainin^^ 
phmned  tor  the  strengthening  of  the  aetion  patterns 
ot    peace  r 

If"  we  have  not  heretofore  found  a  means  of  pre- 
venting war,  we  have  at  least  found  that  certain 
things  cannot  prevent  war:  v.e  know  that  our  pres- 
ent system  of  education  cannot  prevent  war:  we 
know  tliat  commercial  relations,  even  treaties,  can- 
not prevent  war:  we  know  that  the  burden  ot  debt, 
bankruptcy,  and  the  resultant  grind  of  poverty 
c.mnot  prevent  w.ir :  we  know  that  religion  and  mili- 
tary systems,  and  even  the  tear  of  wounds  and  hun- 
ger, of  suffering  and  death,  cannot  prevent  war;  in 
short,  the  very  civilization  of  to-day  is  itself  at  war! 
The  civilization  ot  to-day  cannot  prevent  war,  be- 
cause under  existing  conditions  war  i>  inevitable; 
because  it  is  the  normal  result  of  the  action  patterns, 
created  by  the  mold  in  which  has  been  tormed  the 
present  generation  ot  men. 

The  earliest  pr.  disposing  cause  of  the  present  War 
of  Nations  was  the  establishment  of  an  action  pat- 
tern of  war  in  the  tirst  child  who  as  a  man  is  now 


f)S       \   MKCHAMSTIC  \1K\V  ()!    W  \R    AM)   I'KACL 

concerned  therein.  ni>  r:rnl  :c'as  a  muroscopic 
dfilaration  of  zvar.  Multiples  .>t"  like  action  patterns 
made  inevitable  the  inial  declaration  of  war  between 
the  nations.  Therefore,  like  Prometheus,  man  is 
chained  to  the  rock  of  fate,  unless  a  new  philosophy 
be  introduced  :  unless  the  web  of  life  of  the  majority 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth  be  so  modified  that 
in  the  next  ^aaieration  peace  patterns  shall  be  in- 
creased and  war  patterns  lessened. 

How  may  this  be  accomplished  :  An  analysis  of 
man's  adaptive  response  to  the  web  of  life  may  show 
the  way.  since  conduct  is  the  result  of  both  phyloj^eny 
(species  experience)  and  ontogeny  lindividual  expe- 
rience). 

The  offspring  of  animals  at  the  time  of  birth  are 
slightly  if  at  all  equipped  to  adapt  themselves  to 
environment ;  the  simpler  the  reaction  of  a  species, 
the  earlier  is  its  mechanism  for  adaptation  completed. 
Hence  we  find  for  the  young  of  each  species  different 
methods  and  different  periods  of  time  for  completing 
their  adapt.ition  for  adult  life,  varying  fn^n  the 
simple  adaptation  of  the  lish,  that  never  even  knows 
its  parents,  to  the  increasinglv  complex  adaptations 
(){  the  birds,  whose  parents  protect,  feed,  and  give 
them  their  simple  training  ;  of  the  beaver,  whose  off- 


1  UK    t'HAKi.K 


r-VOLlTK^N   TOWARD   I'F.ACI-; 


99 


spring  ari.-  taught  c\ci)  to  play  at  making  dams  ;  and 
Hnallv  <>t  tin-  ^ri'i^arioiis  animals  \vliosc  voiim;  remain 
with  the  Hock  or  lurd  and  arc  tau^dit  l)\  example. 
I'hc  carnixora  train  their  younj;  to  kill,  and  the  yoiin^ 
ol  monkeys,  whose  siir\i\al  depend^  upon  an  ida[na- 
tion  to  contii'ual  alertness,  receive  trom  their  parents 
a  careful  training  in  strategy.  To  atconiplish  this 
longer  tutelage  recjuired  by  the  anthropoids,  the 
parents  keep  their  offspring  with  them  during  a  longer 
period  of  time,  and  thus  is  formed  the  family  —  the 
dawn  ot  human  societv.  from  the  periods  of 
training  a.nd  education  received  by  the  \oung  of 
anthropoids  we  pass  to  the  progressively  longer 
periods  recjuired  for  the  trr.ining  of  the  Bushman, 
the  cave  m.m,  the  semi-civilized,  and  hnally  the 
civilized  man. 

The  brain  of  man  may  be  likened  to  a  moving- 
picture  film  running  from  birth  to  death.  Among 
the  numberless  pictures  some  obtain  possession  of 
the  final  common  path,  or  become  adecjuate  stimuli. 
Those  that  become  adeijuate  stimuli  produce  action 
patterns,  the  responses  of  which  to  repetitions  of  the 
stimuli  by  which  they  were  [)roduced  make  up  the 
conduct  of  the  individual.  In  other  words,  man's 
action  patterns  reHect  as  in  a  mirror  his  environment. 


II 


lOO      \    \1I(||\Mn|K'    \||W   OI     war     \\|)    11   \(.'K 

If  a  colt  giO'As  lip  ill  rhc  uilils.  it  bcconu-s  ,i  wiUl 
horsf  ;  if  hrt'd  \)\  m.in,  its  .ulion  pattrnis  arc  doints- 
ti(\  1  he  >iiuiil;  <>|  all  animals  aii'  |)lasti(.  '['he 
child  (»(  mail  is  most  plastic,  il  a  child  remain  in 
a  Christian  ponion  ol  the  weh  ol  lile.  Christian  ac- 
tion patterns  .ire  lormed  ;  ii  in  a  p.i^an  weh,  lie 
l)etomes  pai^an  ;  il  in  a  |>ea('-tul  weh.  pe.ui-tu!  ac- 
tion patterns  lesnlt  ;  it  in  .1  s.iilike  wi'h.  w.ulike 
jKittcrns  are  inevitable.  'Hie  br.iin  patterns  that 
domin.itc  ,it  the  close  ol  the  .uioiescent  and  .it  the 
be^innin^  ol  the  .idiilt  period  ti\  and  determine  until 
de.itli  the  lile  reactions  ol  the  indi\idual.  Ihe 
action  patterns  thus  lormed  in  the  plastic'  l>raiii  con- 
stitute the  |)ersonalit\  ot  the  individual  .ind  make 
the  reactions  ol  the  human  mechanism  .is  inevitable 
and  .IS  true  as  are  the  re.icti(»ns  of  .1  m.m-made 
m.ichine.  A  wheelbarrow  cannot  pertorm  the  work 
ot  an  automobile,  but  the  ditfereiice  i)et\veen  the 
wheelbarrow  and  the  automobile  is  less  than  tlie 
difTerence  between  the  cannibal  and  the  scholar. 

1  he  environment  herefore  is  the  moUl  which 
predetermines  the  man.  It  lor  a  ^ene,  ition  every 
newborn  babe  of  China  could  be  interchanged  with 
every  newborn  babe  <^f  France,  the  web  of  lite  of 
China  would  create  Chinese  action  patterns  in  the 


<  "l>\rii;lii   li>   Hi, rare  K    •|uriii  r  (  u  ,  Jl  1  (  Uiniid.  ri  .-^1  ,  l>..-l..ii.  Mxs,-. 

!hi  txii,  lo  Arms  and  imk  Knd  Kisii.r 


I'  I 


lAOl.rilO.N     lOUAKlJ    I'l  AC  1. 


lOI 


brains  of  tin-  Frciuh  childrt-ii  :  and  the  web  of  life 
of  Frame  would  ire.ite  IrtiKJi  aitioii  |)itrerns  in  the 
brains  of  the  Chinese  ihildren  lUit  rrUuively  China 
uould  still  remain  China  and  I'raiue  wouid  remain 
France.  fluis  it  the  offspring  ot  anv  tv\o  alien 
[)eop!e  whose  brains  are  comparable  in  size  and 
plasticity  be  interchanged,  the  ai  ion  patterns  ol 
the  brains  of  the  children  \si''  be  nioilified,  but  the 
web  of  life  in  each  nation  will  rtmain  lixed.  The 
molten  metal  adapts  itself  to  the  mold  the  mold 
remains  unchanged.  The  only  way  i)y  which  the 
action  patterns  of  a  j)eople  cm  be  altered  is  by  chaig- 
ing  the  mold  —  altering  the  environment.  Thus 
slowly  science  and  i  vention  and  human  experience 
modify  the  mold  which  stamps  generations  to  come. 

In  America  the  plastic  newborn  of  many  races  and 
nationalities  are  gathered  and  are  so  melted  and 
molded  in  our  public  schools  that  the  second  genera- 
tion of  Euro()ean  origin  can  scarcely  be  distinguished 
from  those  of  Mayflower  descent. 

Therefore,  if  we  desire  that  in  our  children  action 
patterns  of  peace  shall  predominate  over  war  pat- 
terns, the  disadvantages  of  war  as  well  as  its  ad- 
vantages should  be  set  forth  in  the  nursery,  the 
school,  and  the  university  ;    in  daily  papers,  maga- 


lo:i     A   MhCllAMSUC   VILW   UF   WAR   AND    I'LACK 


zines,  and  books.  In  the  web  of  life  ot  childhood, 
<is  well  as  oi  maturity,  the  eonsecjiieiues  ot  war  shoidd 
he  as  prominent  as  the  glory  of  war.  The  thrilling 
departure  .A  jiatriot  husba.nd  or  son  should  be  jKiral- 
leled  by  the  somber  desertion  of  wife  or  mother ;  the 
glory  of  the  bayonet  charge  b\  its  disembowelled 
victims  ;  the  report  of  the  staff  commander  by  that 
of  the  surgeon  general  ;  the  monument  to  the  vic- 
torious general  by  the  rude  cross  on  the  grave  of 
th''  priva':e  soldier;  the  brilliant  uniform  by  the 
rags  of  p  iverly  ;  the  rejoicing  of  the  victors  by 
the  enduring  hate  of  the  vanquished.  The  hap[)i- 
ness  and  serenity  of  life  should  be  contrasted  with 
the  illogical  ending  of  life  through  war. 

Children  should  be  taught  to  regard  as  heroes 
those  also  who  have  made  possible  the  conquest  ot 
nature  through  invention  and  discovery  ;  those  who 
have  striven  tor  and  have  achieved  great  ideals  ol 
government,  of  education,  ot  science  and  of  morals. 
Peace  has  p^  worthy  heroes  as  has  war ! 

When  man  comprehends  his  own  mechanism, 
when  he  understands  the  dominating  influence  of 
his  progenitors  and  appreciates  the  intinite  possi- 
bilities of  his  training,  tiieii  he  may  reach  a  grade 
of  civilization  which  will  enable  him  to  invigorate 


K\()l.l  HON     loWNRI)    I'KACK 


I0_^ 


himself  without  ruin.  Stru^^lc  is  ;i  biological  nctcs- 
sity.  and  even  war  is  preferable  to  pusillanimous 
peace  leading'  to  degeneracy. 

When  the  mechanistic  viewpoint  is  generally  un- 
derstood,   a    viewpoint    that    fixes   all    responsibility 
for  human   action   here  and   now  within  one's  self; 
that    teaches    that    one    generation     predetermines 
the  action  of  the  next  generation  :    that  the  newborn 
infant  is  only  the  jdastic  clay  from  which  the  real 
man  is  created,  —  a  new  meaning  will  be  given  to  edu- 
cation.     I'hen  we  may  be  intelligent  enough  to  have 
the  greatest  talent  of  the  country,  not  at  the  head  of 
armies,  or  strategy  boards,  not  in  fin.mce  or  industry, 
but   at   the   head  of  the  state  educational   systems. 
Backed   by   money  and   public  opinion,   a  group  of 
supermen  may  evolve  a  system  of  mechanistic  train- 
ing which  will  mold  the  next  generation  into  a  higher 
degree  of  adaptation  to  environment  —  an  increased 
htness  for  service  to  country  and  to  fellow-citi/ens. 
Man  at  last  may  see  that  his  destiny  is  in  his  own 
hands    and    that    there    is    no    active    supernatural 
pcAver  that  will  help  or  hinder  his  career:    in  fact, 
that  his  destiny  in  part  has  been  determined  by  his 
evoiuti'     —  bur    that    the    balance    is    to    be    man- 
made  hi   e  and  now. 


I04     A    MKCHANISTIC   \  U  W   ol    WAR    AND    I'LACE 

If  tlic  human  animal  v.ere  uiicler  tin-  (iomination 
<A  beings  as  superior  to  him  as  man  is  superior 
to  the  domestic  animals,  we  mii^ht  expeit  that 
education  would  be  exploited  as  efficiently  as  war  has 
been  exploited  and  that  there  might  be  built  up  a 
(ivili/ation  (reed  to  some  extent  from  its  menacing 
phylogeny. 


Primed  in  the  United  Statci  of  Ameri>  i. 


Till-;     following    I>ii>?'-'^    contain    a(l\frti>fmcnts    uf 
ln)()k>  liy  till-  ^anic  author  or  on  kindred  subjects. 


Man  An  Adaptive  Mechanism 

Hv  (;K()R(;k   W.   C'RILK,    MI). 

ProfcMor  of  Surgery.  Scho<,l  „f  Me,licinf.  Western   Reserve   fn.versity  , 
Visiting  Mugcon  to  the  I.aktsi.k-  Hospital,  Cl.-v.lan.l 

Edith,   in    ANNK  flK    Al  SfIN,  A.B. 

IlluslrateJ,  Cloth,  Svo 

The  subject   nt    Dr.  Crilos  hook   is   an   interpretation 
of    .he   [)henotnena  ot    health   and  disease   in   the   light 
of    their   ori-in    in    conditions   of    the    internal    and   ex- 
ternal environment  of  man's  body  durin-    its  age-Ion- 
evolutionarv    struggle    for    adaptation    to    its    physical 
mednnn.      It  is  an  attempt  to  show  that  the  phenomena 
of    pathologic    processes— acute  and   chronic   diseases 
—  no    less    than    the    phenomena    of    n  >rnial    living - 
emotion,   work,    ambiti..n,    ideals  -  ue    the   outcome  of 
this    ancient   C(.ntinuous    friction    which     has    resulted, 
likewise,   in   the  evolution    in   the   body  of  a  system  of 
organs  consisting  of  the  brain,   adrenal,   liver,  thyroid, 
muscles,  the  function  of  which     -  conrdinating  in   har- 
mony or  disharmony  with   the  activating  stimuli  of  the 
environment -is    to    produce    the    adaptive    responses 
which   are   recognized    now   as   normal   processe:,.    now 
as  abnormal  leactions. 


TMK    MACMIl.I.AN    COMl>A\Y 

Publiflher.  64  66  Fifth  Avenue  New  York 


The  Pentecost  of  Calamity 


Hv  OWI  \    WISTER 

Author  of"  The  Virginian."  etc. 

Boards,  tbmo,  jo  i-eti/s 

The  author  rif  ••  I'h.-  \  ir),'mian  "  ha*  written  a  mw  hook  which  describes, 
mure  forcibly  anil  iliarlv  than  any  nthcr  account  •,!>  far  inililishcil,  the 
Tivaninjj,  to  America,  of  the  tragic  ihangcs  which  arc  taking  platc  in  the 
hiart!)  and  miniis  uf  the  German  people. 

Written  with  case  and  charm  of  style,  it  is  i<rose  that  holds  the  reader 
fur  its  very  beauty,  even  as  it  impresses  him  with  its  force.  It  is  doubtful 
«hether  there  will  come  out  of  the  entire  mass  of  war  literature  a  more 
understanding  or  su;;gestive  survey. 

"Owen  Wister  hai  dtpicted  ihe  lr.igtjy  uf  (jerin;.ny  .<n.|  has  hiniej  al  the  po«Mlile 
tragedy  of  the  United  Statei.  ...     We  with  it  could  l>e  re»d  in  full  by  every  American." 

—  Tie  OnllDek. 

The  Military  Unpreparedness  of  the  United 
States 

Hv  IRKDKRIC   1..   HUIDF.KOIM.R 

Cloth,  Svo 

Uy  many  army  officers  the  author  of  this  work  is  regarded  as  the  fore- 
most military  expert  in  the  United  States.  Kor  nine  years  he  has  been 
striving  t.i  awaken  the  American  people  to  a  knowledge  of  the  weaknesses 
of  their  land  forces  and  the  dcfeticelcssncss  of  the  country.  Out  of  his  ex- 
tensive study  and  research  he  has  compiled  the  present  volume,  which 
represents  the  last  word  on  this  subject.  It  comes  at  a  time  when  its  im- 
portance cannot  be  overestimated,  and  in  the  eight  hundred  odd  pages 
given  over  to  the  discussion  there  are  presented  facts  and  art;uinents  with 
which  every  citi/en  should  be  familiar.  Mr.  Huidekoper's  writings  in  this 
held  are  already  well  known.  These  hitherto,  however,  have  been  largely 
confined  to  magazines  and  pamphlets,  but  his  book  'leals  with  the  matters 
under  consideration  with  that  frankness  an. I  authority  evidenced  in  these 
previous  contributions  and  much  more  coinjirehcnsively. 


rill'.    M.ACMII.I.AN    COMI'.ANY 


Fubhahari 


64  66  Fifth  Avenu* 


KdW  York 


The  World  W 


ar: 

How  It  Looks  to  the  Nations  Involved  and  What  it  Means  to  Oi 
Hv    KMURr    Ik  WCIs    i5AI.i)\V|\ 

Pc\oii]leJ  ilcl/i,  ijnio,  tt.ij 

Thf  prcMiit  w.ii  m  FumiH'  has  called  forth  a  Rrcat  many 
books  bearing  on  its  liifTerLnt  phases,  but  in  the  majority  of 
instances  these  ha\e  lieen  written  from  the  standpoint  of  some 
one  uf  the  nations.  F.lhert  Francis  Haidwm  has  here,  how- 
ever, brought  together  within  the  compass  of  a  single  volume 
a  survey  of  the  entire  field. 

Mr.  iJaldwin  was  in  Kurope  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities. 
He  mingled  with  ilu  |)eople.  observing  their  spirit  and  tem- 
per more  intimaiely  than  it  has  been  permitted  most  writers 
to  do.  and  in  ronse(|iience  the  descriptions  whi-h  he  gives  of 
the  German,  or  Ikh.  hor  English,  or  Russian  attitude  arc 
truer  and  more  (.(Hiipklr  ilian  those  found  in  previous  studies 
of  the  war. 


A  Journal  of  Impressions  in  Belgium 

i5>    MAY    .SINCLAIR 

doth,  ijnio,  }r.^o 
May  Sinclair  is  the  latest  English  author  who  has  wtittin 
a  book  as  the  outgrowth  of  the  war.  and  a  mosi  unusual  and 
fascinating  book  it  is,  too.  It  is  entitled  ■  A  Journal  of  Im 
pressions  in  Belgium  •  and  ucoids  the  mental  effect  produced 
by  the  war  upon  the  distinguished  novelist  when  she  went  to 
the  front  with  an  anilnilanre  corps.  The  journal  cannot 
properly  be  termed  a  wat  hook;  it  is.  rather,  a  May  .Sinclair 
book  in  that  it  deals  with  her  reaction  to  the  fighting  and  the 
experiences  through  which  she  passed,  and  not  with  the 
military  or  technical  side  of  the  engagements.  It  is  perhaps 
as  graphic  a  picture  as  has  yet  come  to  America  from  the 
war  zone. 


TUl     MACMnj..A\   COMPANY 

Publighers  64  68  Fifth  Avenue  New  York 


Russia  and  the  World 


AN    IMPORT 


By  STKI'HLN   GRAHAM 

Aulhor  of  ••  With  the  Russian  I'lljfrjms  in  Jrru-xalcm, "  "  With  Poor  Immi- 
grants to  Amtrita,"  eU  . 

lltuUrattd,  doth,  Svo,  %j.oo 
At  the  outbreak  (if  the  present  furupean  war  Mr.  Oraham  was  in  Ku«ia, 
ami  hit  bo.ik  opens,  thtrifore,  with  a  .Icstriptii.n  of  the  w.»>  thi  news  of 
war  was  received  on  the  «  hiiiese  frontier,  one  iSousan.!  mile-,  from  a  rail- 
way station,  where  In  happened  to  be  when  the  Isar's  summons  tame. 
Followinu  this  mme  othit  chapters  on  Russia  and  the  War,  considering 
such  questions  as.  Is  It  a  Last  War  .>.  Why  Russia  is  I  ichtinj;,  Th-  Kco- 
nomic  Isolation  of  Russia.  An  Aer.. plane  Hunt  at  Warsaw,  .Suffering 
Poland  :  A  Pelgium  of  the  Kast,  and   The  Soldier  and  the  »  ross. 

"  It  shows  the  author  creeping  as  near  as  he  w.xs  allowed  lo  the  (iring 
line.  It  givrs  broad  views  of  ditficult  questions,  like  the  future  .  f  the 
poles  and  the  Jews.  It  rise*  into  high  politics,  forecasts  the  terms  of  peace 
and  the  rearranj-ement  of  the  worhl,  east  an<l  wt-l.  that  m.iy  (ollow.  liut 
Ih  •  salient  thinn  in  it  is  its  interpretation  for  Western  minds  of  the  spirit 
of  Russia." — London  Tinit!'. 

German  World  Policies 

(Dcr  IVuUcl.c-  Cic.lankc  m  cicr  Wcit) 


i^    r\! 


i-('IIRi;\C  il 


Translated  by  I)K.  Ki>vii;ni>  von  .Mach 

Cloth,  unto,  $/.Jj 
Paul  Kohrbach  has  been  for  several  years  the  most  popular  author  of 
books  on  politi..s  and  economics  in  ("i-rmany.  He  is  dcscrilieil  bv  his 
translator  as  a  "constructive  optimist,"  one  who,  at  'He  same  time,  is  an 
incisive  critic  of  those  shortcomings  which  have  kept  t'.irmanv,  ashe  tliinks, 
from  playing  the  great  part  to  which  she  i>  called.  In  this  volume  Dr. 
I<..hrbach  gives  a  true  insi^hl  into  the  character  of  the  Ccrmaii  people, 
their  aims,  fears,  and  aspirations. 

"  Dr.  von  Mach  renders  an  extraordinary  service  to  his  munfrv  in  making 
known  to  English  renilers  at  this  time  a  look  like   K..hrl.ach's." 

jVr,v  York  Globe. 
"  .\  clear  insight  into  Prus<-an  ukals.    —  H.'U.n   i  ramcript. 
"  \  valuable,  signi     r.n;     ,   d  most  informing  book." 

—  Xnv  York  Tribunt. 


With  the  Russiar 


iJv  Cui..   KOMI 


This  hook  deals  with  tl 
war  area.      The  wurk  trai 
the  treaty  of    1.S7S    llirmi 
contains  inaiiy  lacls  drau 
for  C   I    M,  C.iiiiii  k  has  h 
been  oivcn  to  no  other  nia 
t!K-nt.N.      He   has  W-vw  at 
actii.tlly  in   the  trenches, 
cliajiteis   (it    tlie   Vdhure   is 
witli    i;rcat    personalities 
acquaintance. 

The  wiirk  coiitauis  a  ( m 
calcul.it(.-(l  Id  upset  j;enera 
sons  (if  ;iie  lighting  force: 
and  orii'uial. 


THF.    MACMII.I.W    CO.MI'AW 


Fublishers 


64  66  Fifth  Avenue 


New  York 


THK    MACVHI. 

Pubhabert  U4  66  Fi 


I     I 


V    IMPORTANT    NEW    WUkK 


Ausslan  Army 


)i..   KOMIKI    MieORMICK 


IUi,iiran4,  «»•.,  tt.M 


lis  with  tin-  author's  experiences  in  the 
work  traces  the  cause  "i  tlic  war  trdrn 
I7S  through  tliL  Balkan  .situation.  !t 
acts  draw:i  trom  [icrsonai  observation, 
lirk  has  luul  opportunities  such  as  have 
otliiT  man  durin^f  the  present  en^agc- 
l)cf;i  at  tin-  various  headquarters  and 
rcnches.  ( )ne  of  tlie  most  interesting^ 
volun;e  is  the  loiuiudinL;  <jne  deahiii; 
analities    of    the    war    from    hrst  h  iud 

auis  a  considerable  amoiuit  of  material 
set  generally  accep'ed  ideas  eompari- 
iiig  forces,  and  much  else  that  is  fresh 


ACVin.l.AN   COMPANY 


04  66  Fifth  Avenue 


N«w  York 


